Drafting standards

H Muralidhara
3rd Sem M Tech
R V College of Engineering
Bangalore-59
 Contents
Basics of aircraft structure Tooling Holes
General categories of Drawing Pilot Holes
Standard drawing sheet sizes Surface roughness symbols
Margin Sheet metal bending
Types of views Flat pattern length
Drawing Numbering System Bending allowances
Title Block Bend relief
Elements of a Dimensioning Inclined profile ends
Dimensioning systems Crimping
Types of Dimensioning Drawing Breakdown
Dimension Practices Material schedule
Method of calling Rivets in Change notice
drawing
Project slips
Joggling identification
Rivets
 STRUCTURE OF AN
AIRPLANE
Most aircraft are composed of the following
parts:

Fuselage (body)
Wings (airfoil)
Empennage (tail)
Landing Gear
Power Plant
 FUSELAGE
The body of the airplane
is called the fuselage.
The fuselage must be
strong and streamlined,
to enable it to withstand
the forces that are
created in flight.
The fuselage serves
several functions. It is the
attachment point for the
other major components.
It houses the cabin, the
flight crew, passengers,
and cargo.
 Nacelle

A term referring to the

structure surrounding an
aircraft engine
While providing an
aerodynamic shell for
minimum drag, a
nacelle also
incorporates deicing
capability, noise
attenuation and
mechanisms to
reverse engine thrust
for braking.
 General categories of Drawing
Drawing not required for Manufacturing
Project drawings, Station diagrams, Layouts mockup
drawings, etc.
Manufacturing drawings
Prototype drawings, Production drawings,
Modification Drawings, etc.
Special drawings
External finish drawings, flight test drawings Rigging
drawings, etc
Standard drawing sheet sizes

A0 1189 X 841
A1 841 x 594
A2 594 x 420
A3 420 x 297
A4 297 x 210
 Margin
Outer margin
Inner margin
Folding marks
Zone system
To locate details, sections and their views
on drawing
To locate parts
 Types of views
Principal views
Front view, Top view, Side views
Auxiliary views
Sectional views
Full sectional & Half sectional views
Section cut views
Details
 Views looking Forward & Aft

Flight
direction
 Views looking outboard & inboard
Right wing

Left wing

Main view of Wing Should be View

looking inboard from LH side of Aircraft
PT2 Nacelle - Three View
 Drawing Numbering System

117J 2A 4000 00 10A

Issue status
Project No. Special
Variant A - Machined from bar stock
Group No. B Forging Stock
C Machined from Forging
Assembly No.
D Casting block

0 for assemblies/layouts/proposals E Machined from Casting

F - Composite
Part No.
Handed
 Title Block
Scale 1 : 2.5 and Specified, 1 : 2.5 and Noted
Number
Title- meaningful, easy to recall
Next Assembly- Drawing no of the next assembly in which this part/
assembly is called & listed in M S
Material- raw material used
Specification- Material specification
Heat treatment- Type of heat treatment
Finish- Surface finish, finishing method
Identifiable- Parts whose failure may be catastrophic, affects safety
of the aircraft
Interchangeability- depends on requirements of interchangeability
 Title Block..
Classification
Class-1 :whose failure in flight, landing or take off may cause structural collapse,
loss of control, inability to operate any services, injury to any occupant, etc
Cal. Weight- Calculated weight of part, assembly or installation
Drawn by- Draftsman/engineer
Design - Engineer with design responsibility
Stress Engineer scrutinizing part/assembly for stress and strength
Fatigue - Engineer scrutinizing part/assembly for fatigue/repeated loading
Dynamics-
Material-
Checked-
Release-
 Elements of a Dimensioning

Dimension Line
Dimension Number
Arrowheads Gap
Extension Line
Dimension
Number Leader Center Line
used as Ext. Line

Extension Lines
Dimension Line
Leaders

Arrowhead
More Terminology
 Dimensioning systems

ALIGNED system
aligns numeral with dimension line
UNIDIRECTIONAL system
aligns numeral horizontally (accepted in ASDE
standards)
Four Types of Dimensioning

Size & Location

Dimensioning
Limit Dimensioning
Functional Dimensioning
Manufacturing
Dimensioning
 Size & Location Dimensioning
Sizedimensioning
Size of main feature

Length, height, width

Symbols for

diameter (DIA, D, phi)

radius (R)
fillets & rounds (F&R)
Square (SQ)
Hexagonal(HEX)
Location or Position Dimensioning

Locate other features with

respect to main feature

Location dimension indicates

position
 Limit Dimensioning
Tolerance of size (one part)
when not covered by general note
Fit (multiple parts)
limits of clearance
 Functional Dimensioning
Relates dimensions to function of
component
Dimensions chosen to ensure
proper function
Some will be limit dimensions
Functional dimensioning assigns priority to specific dimensions because of
the way a part is used, or functions.

If a part has to mate tightly with another part, then a specification of the
smoothness (finish) of mating surfaces is important. In addition, these
finished surfaces become the reference point for other key features of the
part.
 Manufacturing Dimensioning

dimension to suit manufacturing

methods
give numbers required by process
directly
machinists are paid to produce parts,
NOT to do calculations.
specify machining processes to control
tolerances
eg. DRILL 13.5 (2 PLACES)
properly sharpened drill has built-in
tolerance
 Dimension Practices

Unambiguous
Incomplete
Completeness dimensioni
ng
No redundancy

0.83 ' 0.95 ' 1.22 '

3.03 '

1.72 '
Redundant dimensioning
0.86 '

0.83 ' 1.22 '

3.03 '

Adequate dimensioning
Dimension Practice..
Dimension Text Placement
Dimension Practice..

Never dimension from

one edge of a circle to
the edge of another
circle

Place dimension on view that

best shows feature (profile of
holes)
 Dimension Practice..
Avoid dimensioning
to hidden features

Spacing
leave ~10mm between object and first row/set of
dimensions
successive rows of dimensions equally spaced
 Dimension Practice..

Staggered numerals for

more clarity Stacked numerals
Dimension Practice..
Dimension Practice..
Dimension Practice..
Dimension Practice..
 Dimension Practice..
When accuracy is
important all dimensions
are to be given from base
surface or base line to
avoid cumulative errors
Dimension Practice..
Dimension Practice..
"TOLERANCE IS ALWAYS ADDITIVE"

What is the expected dimension and tolerances?

d = 50 +50 + 50 = 150

t = (0.05 + 0.05 + 0.05) = 0.15

Dimension Practice..
Use of linear dimensions is preferred to angular
dimensions

correct Not preferred

Dimension Practice..

Correct Incorrect
 Dimension Practice..

Tube bends should be dimensioned from center

line and not from inside or outside of the bend
 Dimension Practice..

For bent parts the dimensions should be given

from the intersection of outside surface
Dimension Practice..

Dimensioning of irregular curved surfaces

 Dimension notes
REF - If it is necessary to duplicate the
dimension already given in the appropriate
view it should be designated as REF
TYP - In case where a particular feature is
common at several places that feature
should be dimensioned as TYP
TRUE- True length
 Method of calling Rivets in drawing

15 LAR-32-08F Type of Bucked head

(R,C,Cd,F)
No. of Rivets
Length of rivet in mm=8mm
Material- Light alloy-LA
Type of head
R=Round,Snap
Diameter in 10th of mm
C=Countersunk
i.e.,3.2mm
Cd=Dimple countersunk
F=Flat
Joggling identification

Means
 Tooling Holes
Sheet metal parts to be formed using rubber press. Press
brake shall have at least 2 tooling holes to locate them
during manufacturing
Tooling holes represented by symbol

Standard sizes of tooling holes 4.1Dia, 6.1Dia & 8.1Dia

All tooling holes in a part should be of same size
Usually 2 tooling holes are required but for larger
components, 3 may be provided
 Pilot Holes
Pilot holes are holes drilled prior to drilling full size
holes to need specific requirements of assembly/
installation
Pilot holes required when it is required to attach two
parts on same assembly/installation
Standard sizes- 1.5 Dia, 2 Dia, 3 Dia
Surface roughness symbols

>25 as produced

3.2 Rough machining Planing, shaping etc

1.6 Medium finishing Lathe, drilling, milling

0.8 Fine finishing Reaming, grinding,

boring
 Surface finish

Surfaces not A portion requiring Two different

marked particular finish finishes with
general finish
 Sheet metal bending
Min bending radius
depends on thickness of
sheet and its heat
treatment conditions
Table 2.1,2.2 & 2.3 in
design manual gives
recommended minimum
bend radii of Al, Steel and
Ti alloys
 Flat pattern length

BA and BD are compensation values

BD is always negative depends on bending
angle
 Bending allowances

r r

B t
B

0 < < 90 = 90
BD=[-0.429r-1.476t]
BD=[-2(r+t)+ (r+t)/3)(180 )]
180
 Bending allowances.

r
A

B t

90 < < 150

150 < < 180
BD=[-2(r+t)tan180- + (r+t/2)(180-)] BD = 0
2 180
 Bend relief
BL
Material is removed
to prevent cracking X BL
of sheet at
intersection of two
flanges
Bend relieves X t
depends on sheet 1 Min

thickness and bend Square flange end is used

radius
 Bend relief..

X
Y

X
Y X
X t
Where more edge distance at Where square flange and bend
corner is required lines are not perpendicular

t
 Inclined profile ends
The free section ends of all parts like angles, channels etc are to be
tapered to a point which should not impair the strength of the joint
Angles h/3 < a < h/4
b
b=5h
h

a
Channels t a=t+r+1
b

h b~4a
a
 Crimping
Crimping is t H

the process of
stiffening to
prevent local
bending and
tearing of
sheet metal
components

L
Crimp allowance(L) = 3 x crimp height (H) for Al alloys
= 2.5 x crimp height (H) for steel sheets
 Drawing Breakdown
Part - a single item which has no other components
Minor Assembly- A group of parts/standard parts
assembled together
Major Assembly A group of several parts/standard
parts/minor assemblies
Installation - A group of assemblies which forms major
component of a aircraft
Standard part A generally used item manufactured as
per an approve d standard
Bought out item A proprietary item, purchased from a
manufacturer or supplier
 Material schedule
It gives information relating to material for fabricated parts and information
for standard parts & proprietary parts
Separate M S should be prepared for assemblies/installations involving LH
& RH, calling the corresponding parts
Sl. No. :This refers to serial no of MS
Item No. :All parts, assemblies, Standard Parts & proprietary parts shown &
called in drawing are to be assigned Item No.s and listed in MS
It should starts with 1
Rivets & Consumables are not to be assigned with Item No.s
In case both LH part & RH part are required in the same unhanded
assembly they should be assigned different Item No.s Which are
consecutive No.s
No.s Reqd : Total number of items required per assembly should be noted
For consumables AS REQD. should be noted
Name : Title of the Part/assembly/standard part
 Material schedule.
Part No. : Fabricated Part 15 digit part number
Standard part No. as specified in standard parts manual
Proprietary part No. as specified in proprietary parts catalogue
Consumables not required
Cal. Wt. : Calculated weight of fabricated parts
Weight specified in Standard parts manual and proprietary parts
catalogue
Weight of total number of item per part
Figures are to be to the 3rd decimal place For all items
including consumables, the wt. Column should be filled up
Specification : Material specification with the condition is to be entered for
all fabricated parts
St.Size : Material, Its form and Size is briefly indicated
Clad Al alloy sheet size : 1.8 x 50 x 100
Total qty : Total number of parts , area of sheet metal, volume for bar stock,
length of rods & tubes
Unit : Units chosen to represent the quantity
Remarks : to fill any information not specified in these columns
 Change notice
When a change is to be made on a released drawing, change notice detailing
the changes is to be issued along with the changed drawing
Change notice is not required for layouts and project slips
Title : the drawing name as given in the drawing
Drawing no. : The complete drawing number corresponding to current status
Change letter : The change letter relevant to the change specified If the
change is to be made on B issue of drawing, the change letter is C.
Effective to Aircraft No. : Aircraft numbers on which the change is
applicable
Mod & alteration : Modification Numbers should be entered
Body of Change notice : Changes are to be described
Reason for Change : Reason for change are entered
Design change
Shop floor requirement
Non availability of material
 Change notice..
Disposition
Use :If the part can be used without effecting the change notice
Not affected : If the changes does not affect part in its dimensions,
location
Rework : In case the part or assembly should be reworked 7 it is possible to
rework
Scrap : If the change is of such nature that it is no possible to rework
No stock : in case where there is no stock of the part/assembly to earlier
status
See Note : In case any one of the above does not cover the nature of
change, a special note written separately
Issue Print of : Change Notice Drawing
Material schedule Note
Additional Drawing
 Project slips
Project slips are deviations issued to cover changes made on existing
assembly/installation/proprietary equipments of aircraft
Project slips are always should be read in conjunction with existing drawing
on which it is issued
It contains all details of rework, fabrication of components introduced &
installation on aircraft
Project slips are used when
Deviation is of an urgent nature
Affects limited number of aircrafts, Etc
Types of Project slips
Deviation Project Slips
Repair Project Slips
Rework Project Slips
 Rivets

Rivets are used extensively in aircraft construction. A rivet starts off

as a cylinder with one head (usually rounded). The protruding
cylinder is deformed to create a second head, which locks the joint in
compression.
 Types of rivets

Rivets exist in many different forms but

the three most common types are
countersunk headed, flat headed and
snap or round headed, The choice of
rivet to be used depends solely on the
materials being joined and the location
of the joint.
Shear Joint Failure Modes

Rivet shear
Rivet may be too small
Rivet is too soft as compared to the plate

Shearing Failure of Fastener: = 4P/ d2

d = diameter of fastener
Tearing or tension failure of the plate

Rivet is too close to the edge of the plate

Plate may be too thin

Tensile Failure of Plate: t = P/(w de)t, where

de = effective hole dia., w = width, and t = thickness of thinnest plate
 Shear Joint Failure Modes

Bearing failure of the plate

Rivet may be too hard as compared to the plate
Plate may be too thin
Diameter of the rivet may be too small

Bearing Failure of Plate or Fastener: b = P/dt, where d = diameter

of fastener and t = thickness of the thinnest plate.
 Shear Joint Failure Modes
a >= 1.5d

Tearing or tension failure of the plate

Rivet is too close to the edge of the plate
Plate may be too thin

Shearing Failure of Plate: t = P/2at, where t = thickness of thinnest plate

and a = closest distance from fastener to edge.
Questions?
 Thank for your time

I hope you enjoyed my presentation