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• Gas Conditioning – as gases pass through the nasal cavity and paransal sinuses, inhaled air becomes turbulent.
The gases in the air are
• warmed to body temperature
• humidified
• cleaned of particulate matter
• Produces Sounds
Figure 21.1
Respiratory System
• Consists of
• Respiratory muscles – diaphragm and
other muscles that promote ventilation
• Respiratory zone – site of external
respiration – respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and
alveoli.
• Conducting zones
• Provides rigid conduits for air to
reach the sites of gas exchange
• Includes nose, nasal cavity,
pharynx, trachea
• Air passages undergo 23 orders of
branching in the lungs
The Nose
• Provides an airway for
respiration
• Moistens and warms air
• Filters inhaled air
• Resonating chamber for
speech
• Houses olfactory receptors
• Skin is thin – contains
many sebaceous glands
The Nasal Cavity
• External nares – nostrils
• Divided by – nasal septum
• Vestibule - anterior opening
• Continuous with nasopharynx
• Two types of mucous membrane
• Olfactory mucosa - Near roof of
nasal cavity, houses olfactory
(smell) receptors
• Respiratory mucosa - Lines nasal
cavity
• Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated
columnar
• Goblet cells within epithelium
• Underlying layer of lamina propria
has glands that contribute to the
mucus layer and blood vessels that
warm the air.
• Cilia move contaminated mucus
posteriorly
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Conchae
• 3 paired bony projections
along the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity
• Superior and middle nasal
conchae - part of the ethmoid
bone
• Inferior nasal conchae -
separate bone
• Function - Particulate matter
deflected to mucus-coated
surfaces
The Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 7.11a, b
The Pharynx
• Funnel-shaped passageway
• Connects nasal cavity and
mouth
• Shared by the digestive and
respiratory systems
• Divided into three sections by
location
• Nasopharynx – superior
portion,
• Oropharynx – continuous
with the oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx – between
the hyoid bone and the
esophagus
• Type of mucosal lining
changes along its length
The Nasopharynx
Figure 21.7a, b
Bronchi in the Conducting Zone
• Bronchial tree - extensively
branching respiratory
passageways
• Primary bronchi (main
bronchi)
• Largest bronchi
• Right main bronchi - wider
and shorter than the left
• Secondary (lobar) bronchi
• Three on the right
• Two on the left
• Tertiary (segmental) bronchi -
branch into each lung segment
• Bronchioles - little bronchi,
less than 1 mm in diameter
• Terminal bronchioles - less
than 0.5 mm in diameter
Tissue Composition of Conducting Zone
• Changes along pathway
• Supportive connective tissues change
• C-shaped rings – trachea, primary bronchi
• Replaced by cartilage plates, secondary & tertiary bronchi
• Epithelium changes
• First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar – trachea
• Replaced by simple columnar - bronchi
• Then simple cuboidal epithelium - bronchioles and
terminal bronchioles
• Smooth muscle becomes important at the bronchioles -
controlled by the ANS (bronchoconstriction and
bronchodilation).
Lobes and Surfaces of the lungs
• Right lung has three lobes
• Left lung has two lobes
• Concavity on medial surface = cardiac notch
• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus
The Pleurae
• A double-layered sac surrounding each lung
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pleura
• Pleural cavity - potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
• Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity
• Central mediastinum
• Two lateral pleural compartments
Structures of the Respiratory Zone
• Consists of air-exchanging structures
• Respiratory bronchioles – branch from terminal
bronchioles
• Lead to alveolar ducts
• Lead to alveolar sacs
Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Figure 21.9b
Features Of Alveoli
• Alveoli cell types
• Type I cells site of gas exchangeand
• Type II cells - secrete surfactant
• Macrophages
• Surrounded by basal laminae and elastic fibers
• Interconnect by way of alveolar pores
• Internal surfaces - site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
Figure 21.10b