Power System Control

ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

Prof. Lou van der Sluis
08 July 2017

Delft
University of
Technology

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Introduction (1)

The customer expects electrical power at constant frequency and

voltage

The system load changes continuously

Electricity can not be stored in large quantities

Maintaining the balance between generation and consumption

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Introduction (2)

The active power balance is controlled by generators

Another method is load shedding

The reactive power balance is controlled by generators and static

components

The synchronous generator plays an important role

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Increase of Active Power Consumption

f1 = 50 Hz (3000 RPM)

Kinetic energy in the rotating parts of the generator and turbine

are 200 MJ

Suddenly a 10 MW load is connected. What happens to the

frequency?
In 1 second the load consumes 10 MJ more active power P
The frequency will drop to 48.7 Hz

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (1)
10 kV system:
P = 2 MW; cos = 0.9
Xgen = 3
This results in:
I = 128 A -26
Q = 969 kvar

Suddenly the load consumes Q = 1.5 Mvar and P remains at 2 MW.

What happens?
The power factor drops to 0.8
The current becomes I = 146 -37
The terminal voltage drops with 100 V

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (2)

P remains 2 MW
Q increases from 969 kvar 1.5 Mvar
I increases from 128 A -26 147 A -37
V drops with 100 V

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (3)

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Increase of Reactive Power
Consumption (4)

Conclusion:
The voltage depends on the reactive power
The angle of transmission depends on the active power

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Some Important Conclusions

The frequency is a common parameter throughout the system

The voltage is controlled locally

The control mechanism for P (rotor angle) and Q (voltage

amplitude) operate more or less separately

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Primary Control
Speed governor control of a generating unit:

Speed governor characteristics:

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 The Secondary Control or
Load Frequency Control
Power exchange between three control areas

a) The original (scheduled) situation

b) Incremental generation after losing 400 MW of generation in control
area B

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Voltage Control and Reactive Power (1)
Automatic voltage control

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Voltage Control and Reactive Power (2)
Tap-changing transformer

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Voltage Control and Reactive Power (3)
Capacitor banks

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Reactive Power Injection
Static Var Compensator (SVC)

Current through a Thyristor Controlled Reactor

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Controlling Active Power Flows
The Phase Shifter

Phasor diagram of the phase shifter

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Controlling Reactive Power Flows (1)
A transmission line with a series capacitor

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105
 Controlling Reactive Power Flows (2)
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor

TCSC reactance as a function of the Thyristor firing angle

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Electrical Power System Essentials ET2105