product dissection 7/8/2017

Engine Dissection - Nuts and

Bolts

Threaded Fastener Issues on Engine:

Types
Materials/Grades
Tightening Torque

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Threaded Fasteners

Did you know that?

the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million fasteners
70,000 titanium costing $150,000
400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000
30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed
In certain applications (such as an engine
head), you should tighten the bolt as much as
possible, if it does not fail by twisting during
tightening, there is a very good possibility that
the bolt will never fail

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Why are fasteners used?

Advantages
Removable
Easy to install
Wide variety of standard parts

Disadvantages
loosening
failure
cost

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Types

Machine screws

Wood screws

Tapping screws

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Standard Thread Systems

Unified or American ACME

SI (ISO)

Pipe Whitworth
(UK)

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Typical Designation
1/2 - 13 UNC - 2A
Terminology of screw threads
external thread Sharp vee threads shown for
clarity; the crests and roots are
(B means internal) actually flattened or rounded
during the forming operation.

Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)

Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse)
UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)

Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or screw #)

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Bolt Grades
Grade indicates the tensile
strength of the bolt
Determined by bolt
material and heat treating

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Materials

Lets look at the example of engine head

bolts
The head is alumimum, so why are the head
bolts made of steel ?
In what cases might you want to use an
aluminum bolt?

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Tightening Torque

It is typical on engines for bolts to have a

specified tightening torque. Why?
It results in a quantified preload on the bolts
Insures that parts never separate
Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces)
Insures even distribution of loading
prevent warpage of mating parts
uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket
Prevents
bolt from loosening
Reduces fatique effects

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Bolt Manufacturing Processes

Forging (upsetting)

Rolling
a) b)

Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies.

Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these
processes at high rates of production

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Manufacturing Processes -
continued

Turning on screw machines

(a) Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in machined
and rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, rolled threads
have improved strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.

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References

Kalpakjian, S. Manufacturing Engineering

and Technology, 2nd Edition, Addison
Wesley, 1992.
Spotts, M.F., Design of Machine Elements.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
Shigley, Joseph and Mitchell, Larry,
Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-
HillBook Company, 1983.

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