Slides For Chapter 7: Operating System Support: Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design

Slides for Chapter 7:
Operating System support
From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and

Blair
Distributed Systems:
Concepts and Design
Edition 5, Addison-Wesley 2012
Figure 7.1
System layers
Applications, services
Middleware
OS: kernel, OS1 OS2

libraries & Processes, threads, Processes, threads,
servers communication, ... communication, ...
Platform
Computer & Computer &

network hardware network hardware
Node 1 Node 2
InstructorsGuideforCoulouris,Dollimore,KindbergandBlair,DistributedSystems:ConceptsandDesignEdn.5
PearsonEducation2012
Figure 7.2
Core OS functionality
Process manager
Communication
manager
Thread manager Memory manager
Supervisor
Figure 7.3
Address space
2N
Auxiliary
regions
Stack
Heap
Text
0
Figure 7.4
Copy-on-write
Process As address space Process Bs address space
RB copied
from RA
RA RB
Kernel
Shared
frame
A's page B's page
table table
a) Before write b) After write
Figure 7.5
Client and server with threads
Thread 2 makes
requests to server
Receipt & Input-output
Thread 1 queuing
generates
results
T1
Requests
N threads
Client
Server
Figure 7.6
Alternative server threading architectures (see also Figure 7.5)
per-connection threads per-object threads

workers
I/O remote I/O remote

remote
objects objects
objects
a. Thread-per-request b. Thread-per-connection c. Thread-per-object
Figure 7.7
State associated with execution environments and threads
Executionenvironment Thread
Addressspacetables Savedprocessorregisters
Communicationinterfaces,openfiles Priorityandexecutionstate(suchas
BLOCKED)
Semaphores,othersynchronization Softwareinterrupthandlinginformation
objects
Listofthreadidentifiers Executionenvironmentidentifier
Pagesofaddressspaceresidentinmemory;hardwarecacheentries
Figure 7.8
Java thread constructor and management methods
Thread(ThreadGroupgroup,Runnabletarget,Stringname)
CreatesanewthreadintheSUSPENDEDstate,whichwillbelongtogroupandbe
identifiedasname;thethreadwillexecutetherun()methodoftarget.
setPriority(intnewPriority),getPriority()
Setandreturnthethreadspriority.
run()
Athreadexecutestherun()methodofitstargetobject,ifithasone,andotherwise
itsownrun()method(ThreadimplementsRunnable).
start()
ChangethestateofthethreadfromSUSPENDEDtoRUNNABLE.
sleep(intmillisecs)
CausethethreadtoentertheSUSPENDEDstateforthespecifiedtime.
yield()
CausesthethreadtoentertheREADYstateandinvokethescheduler.
destroy()
Destroythethread.
Figure 7.9
Java thread synchronization calls
thread.join(intmillisecs)
Blocksthecallingthreadforuptothespecifiedtimeuntilthreadhasterminated.
thread.interrupt()
Interruptsthread:causesittoreturnfromablockingmethodcallsuchassleep().
object.wait(longmillisecs,intnanosecs)
Blocksthecallingthreaduntilacallmadetonotify()ornotifyAll()onobjectwakes
thethread,orthethreadisinterrupted,orthespecifiedtimehaselapsed.
object.notify(),object.notifyAll()
Wakes,respectively,oneorallofanythreadsthathavecalledwait()onobject.
Figure 7.10
Scheduler activations
P added
Process Process
A B SA preempted
Process SA unblocked
SA blocked
Kernel
P idle
Virtual processors Kernel
P needed
A. Assignment of virtual processors B. Events between user-level scheduler & kernel

to processes Key: P = processor; SA = scheduler activation
Figure 7.11
Invocations between address spaces
(a) System call Thread Control transfer via

trap instruction
Control transfer via

privileged instructions
User Kernel
Protection domain
(b) RPC/RMI (within one computer) boundary
Thread 1 Thread 2
User 1 Kernel User 2

(c) RPC/RMI (between computers)
Thread 1 Network Thread 2
User 1 User 2
Kernel 1 Kernel 2
Figure 7.12
RPC delay against parameter size
RPC delay
Requested data
size (bytes)
0 1000 2000
Packet
size
Figure 7.13
A lightweight remote procedure call
Client Server
A stack
A
1. Copy args 4. Execute procedure

and copy results
User stub stub
Kernel
2. Trap to Kernel 3. Upcall 5. Return (trap)
Figure 7.14
Times for serialized and concurrent invocations
Serialised invocations Concurrent invocations

process args process args
marshal marshal
Send transmission Send
process args
marshal
Receive Send Receive
unmarshal unmarshal
execute request execute request
marshal marshal
Send Send
Receive
unmarshal
Receive Receive execute request
unmarshal unmarshal marshal
process results process results Send
process args
marshal Receive
Send unmarshal
process results
Receive time
unmarshal
execute request
marshal
Send
Receive
unmarshal
process results
Client Server Client Server
Figure 7.15
Monolithic kernel and microkernel
S4 .......
S1 S2 S3 S4 .......
.......
S1 S2 S3
Monolithic Kernel Microkernel

Key:
Server: Kernel code and data: Dynamically loaded server program:
Figure 7.16
The role of the microkernel
Middleware
Language Language OS emulation

support support subsystem
....
subsystem subsystem
Microkernel
Hardware
The microkernel supports middleware via subsystems
Figure 7.17
The architecture of Xen
1
8
Figure 7.18
Use of rings of privilege
1
9
Figure 7.19
Virtualization of memory management
2
0
Figure 7.20
Split device drivers
2
1
Figure 7.21
I/O rings
2
2
Figure 7.22
The XenoServer Open Platform Architecture
2
3

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Slides for Chapter 7:

Operating System support

From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and

OS: kernel, OS1 OS2

Computer & Computer &

Thread manager Memory manager

Process As address space Process Bs address space

a) Before write b) After write

per-connection threads per-object threads

I/O remote I/O remote

a. Thread-per-request b. Thread-per-connection c. Thread-per-object

A. Assignment of virtual processors B. Events between user-level scheduler & kernel

(a) System call Thread Control transfer via

Control transfer via

User 1 Kernel User 2

Thread 1 Network Thread 2

1. Copy args 4. Execute procedure

User stub stub

Serialised invocations Concurrent invocations

Monolithic Kernel Microkernel

Server: Kernel code and data: Dynamically loaded server program:

Language Language OS emulation

The microkernel supports middleware via subsystems

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