Professional Documents
Culture Documents
from basics
Presented by .
Rahul Leslie
Assistant Director,
Buildings Design,
DRIQ, Kerala PWD,
Trivandrum, India
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Introduction
Performance Based Design --- an emerging field
To provide engineers with a capability to design buildings that have
predictable and reliable performance in earthquakes
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Introduction
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Introduction
The drawback is that the response
beyond the limit state is neither a
simple extrapolation,
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Introduction
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Introduction
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Introduction
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Introduction
For a new building, PA is meant to be a second stage analysis (The
first stage being a conventional Seismic analysis - SA).
This is because the details of reinforcement provided are required to
calculate exact hinge properties (to be covered later)
But one has to design the structure based on SA in order to obtain
the reinforcement details.
This means that PA is meant to be a second stage analysis (The first
stage being a conventional SA).
Thus the emerging methodology to an accurate seismic design is:
1. First a conventional linear seismic analysis based on which a primary
structural design is done;
2. Insertion of hinges determined based on the design/detail and then
3. A pushover analysis is done, followed by
4. Modification of the design and detailing, wherever necessary, based
on the latter analysis.
5. The above steps may have to be iterated, if required.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Non-linear Building model & Non-linear Hinges
Pushover analysis uses a non-linear computer model
for the analysis:
This is done by incorporated in the form of non-linear hinges
inserted into an otherwise linear elastic model which one
generates using a common analysis-design software package
(STAAD.Pro, SAP2000, ETABS, MIDAS/Gen, etc.)
Hinges are points on a structure where one expects cracking
and yielding to occur in relatively higher intensity so that they
show higher flexural/shear displacement, under a cyclic
loading
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Non-linear Building model & Non-linear Hinges
- These are locations where one expects to see cross
diagonal cracks in an actual building structure after a
seismic mayhem
they would be at either ends of beams and columns, the cross
being at a small distance from the joint
this is where one inserts hinges in the corresponding computer
model.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Non-linear Building model & Non-linear Hinges
Basically a hinge represents localised force-displacement relation of
a member through its elastic and inelastic phases under seismic
loads.
A flexural hinge represents the moment-rotation relation of a beam.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Non-linear Building model & Non-linear Hinges
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Non-linear Building model & Non-linear Hinges
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
There are certain features common to all PA approaches:
2. The model is pushed monotonically with an invariable distribution of lateral load with some predefined
distribution pattern such as:
Proportional to 1st mode (or SRSS combination of modes)
Inverted triangle / Uniform distribution
Power distribution (for example, parabolic)
Wi hik
Qi Vb n
W h
i
j
k
j
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
There are certain features common to all PA approaches:
2. (Continuation )
Unlike conventional SA, in Pushover analysis, analysis for Gravity
loads is done first, continued by an analysis for Lateral loads.
Since PA is done to simulate the behaviour under actual loads, the
Gravity loads applied are not factored, but in accordance with Cl.7.3.3
and Table 8 of IS:1893-2002 :
[DL + 0.25 LL3kN/sq.m + 0.5 LL>3kN/sq.m]
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
4. A single-degree of freedom (SDoF) model, corresponding to the
MDoF model, and the rules to convert the parameters of the MDoF
model (Vb & rt) to those of the SDoF model (Sa & Sd) are defined
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
4. (Continuation) A single-degree of freedom (SDoF) model, corresponding
to the MDoF model, and the rules to convert the parameters of the MDoF
model (Vb & rt) to those of the SDoF model (Sa & Sd) are defined
In ATC-40 and FEMA440, the conversion is
(where ), and
Vb / W M
k 1 rt
Sa Sd
(where Sa and Sd areMdenoted by F* and P
In EC 8 k 1,@ rt
d*k 1respectively)
and
Vb rt
Sa Sd
Pk 1 Pk 1
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
EC 8
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Features of a Typical Pushover Approach
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Different Pushover Approaches
PA procedures can generally be classified to two:
1. DCM (Displacement Coeff. Method): These procedures
estimates a Target displacement prior to the analysis, to which
the model has to be pushed, and on analysis, checked for the
intended (good) performance at that displacement. The method
is nevertheless, iterative. Ref:-
- FEMA356,
- FEMA440 (Ch.5),
- EC 8
2. CSM (Capacity Spectrum Method): The analysis is done, and
each pt. on the pushover curve (known as Capacity curve) is
consecutively checked to see whether the Sa-Sd at that pt.
meets (or intersects) the Response Spectrum curve (known as
Demand curve), reduced by a factor. (continued)
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Different Pushover Approaches
PA procedures can generally be classified to two:
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
The steps for the CSM method are:
1. First, the Response Spectrum (RS) curve has to be modified: from its ordinates of Sa vs. Time
period T, to its Acceleration Displacement Response Spectrum (ADRS) form, which is an Sa vs.
Sd curve.
This to facilitate the super-imposing the pushover curve over the RS (which is in its ADRS form)
RS ADRS 26
The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
The steps for the CSM method are:
1. First, the Response Spectrum (RS) curve has to be modified:
from its ordinates of Sa vs. Time period, to its Acceleration
Displacement Response Spectrum (ADRS) form, which is an
Sa vs. Sd curve. 2
T
This is done by using the relation Sd Sa
4 2
RS ADRS 27
The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
2. Super-impose the converted Pushover curve on the ADRS curve:
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
3. With the Capacity curve (Pushover curve) superimposed on the Demand
curve (ADRS), each point on the former is consecutively checked to :
i. Get the yield point ordinates (Sa y & Sdy)
ii. Calculate the ductility and the 2 nd tangent stiffness coeff.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
iii. Determine the reduced ADRS for the above parameters corresponding to that pt. on the Capacity
curve as:
ATC-40/FEMA440 : Calculate damping from ductility and 2 nd tangent stiffness coefficient . Reduce
ADRS corresponding to
EC 8 : Reduce ADRS corresponding to ductility
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
2 11
eff 0.05
1
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
25 0.67
2 11
eff 0.05 Type B
0.845 0.446 / 2 0
1 >25
Any
Type C 0.33 32
value
The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Steps for CSM method of Pushover Analysis
From the effective damping ratio , the factors for reducing the
ADRS curve are determined from the formula :
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- SA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- SA Method
Fig. shows the Vb vs roof top displacement.
The point P represents the Vb and roof top for the design lateral load
(ie., of 1/R times full load)
The point Q represents the same for the full load, had the building
been fully elastic
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- SA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- SA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
Now we shall see how differently the PA approaches the same scenario :-
The segment OA in Fig.(left) is equivalent to OP in Fig.(right), with the slope
representing the global stiffness in its elastic range.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
ADRS representation:
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
The first hinges are formed, decreasing the overall stiffness of the
structure, which in turn increases T and , represented by point B in
the plots.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
The change in the x-axis value of point B from that of point A shows
the shift of time period from Ta to Tb.
The increase in of the structure calls for a corresponding decrease
in the RS curve, reduced by a factor calculated from , which has
thus come down from curve a to b.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
More hinges are formed and the existing hinges have further yielded
in its non-linear phase, represented by point C
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
Here the point C is where the capacity curve OABC extending
upwards meets the demand curve in, which was simultaneously
descending down to curve c.
Thus C is the point where the total lateral force expected Sa c is same
as the lateral force applied ~Vbc
This point is known as the performance point.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Step by step through each method
-- PA Method
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
PA Method Reviewing results
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
PA Method Reviewing results
OA AB BC
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Adaptation for the Indian Code
Adapting of Pushover Analysis (PA) for IS:1893-2002
The PA has not been introduced in the Indian Standard code yet. However the
procedure described in ATC-40 can be adapted for the seismic parameters of
IS:1893-2002.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Adaptation for the Indian Code
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Adaptation for the Indian Code
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Adaptation for the Indian Code
The drift limit can be compared with those specified in ATC-40 (0.01
and 0.02 for IO and LS respectively). The limit for IO in IS:1893-2002
is more relaxed than that in ATC-40.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
The lateral load was applied in pattern of that of the 1st mode shape
in the transverse direction of the building, with an intensity for DBE as
per IS:1893-2002, corresponding to zone-III in hard soil.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
Table shows the hinge state details at each step of the analysis.
Hinge States
roof top Vb A to B to IO to LS to CP to C to D to Total
Step (m) (kN) B IO LS CP C D E >E Hinges
0 0 0 1752 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
1 0.058318 1084.354 1748 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
2 0.074442 1348.412 1670 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
For the performance point, taken as step 5 (which actually lies
between steps 4 and 5),
95% of hinges are within LS and IO performance levels
88% within IO performance level.
Hinge States
roof top Vb A to B to IO to LS to CP C to D to Total
Step (m) (kN) B IO LS CP to C D E >E Hinges
0 0 0 1752 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
1 0.058318 1084.354 1748 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
2 0.074442 1348.412 1670 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
3 0.089645 1451.4 1594 158 0 0 0 0 0 0 1752
4 0.26199 1827.137 1448 168 136 0 0 0 0 0 1752
5 0.41105 2008.48 1384 144 136 88 0 0 0 0 1752
6 0.411066 1972.693 1384 146 136 86 0 0 0 0 1752
7 0.411082 1576.04 1376 148 136 39 0 0 53 0 1752
8 0.411098 1568.132 1376 148 136 37 0 0 55 0 1752
9 0.411114 1544.037 1375 149 136 31 0 0 61 0 1752
10 0.40107 1470.133 1375 149 136 31 0 0 61 0 1752
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
Fig: Hinge states in the structure model at (a) step 0 & (b) step 3
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
Fig: Hinge states in the structure model at (c) step 5 & (d) step 8
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Example of a building analysis
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Limitations
Inclusion of building torsion (no standardized guidelines
available)
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
References:
IS 1893 (Part 1)2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provision and Buildings, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
FEMA 356 (2000) Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation
of Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Note
http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html
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The Pushover Analysis from basics Presented by Rahul Leslie
Conclusion
An effort has been made to present the topic as simple as
possible
Thank you
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
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