Introduction to Course

Prerequisites
1. Fundamentals of engineering mechanics
2. Analysis of forces and moments
3. Laws of motion, kinetics, kinematics
4. Algebra and trigonometry
Syllabus
University Evaluation Scheme
Subject Subject Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme Total Credits
Code Marks
Hours/Week

L Tut. P. In-Sem End- TW Pr. Oral Lect. Pr/Or

(online) Sem /Tut

202051 Strength of
Materials 4 - 2 50 50 - - 50 150 4 1

Total of Part-I 30 Hrs 750 25

 Introduction to Course
Course Objectives : To understand
-- Mechanical behavior of the body by determining the stresses, strains and
deflections produced by the loads up to the elastic limit.
-- Fundamental concepts related to deformation, strain energy, moment of inertia,
load carrying capacity, slope an deflection of beams, shear forces, bending
moments, Torsional moments, column and struts, principal stresses and strains and
theories of failure
Course Outcomes : Student should be able to
-- Apply knowledge of mathematics, science for engineering applications
-- Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
-- Design a component to meet desired needs within realistic constraints of health
and safety
-- Identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
-- Practice professional and ethical responsibility
-- Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice
 Unit I : Simple stresses and strains
Introduction to subject- SOM
Concept of stress
Concept of strain
Hooke's law & Young's modulus of elasticity
Stress-strain curves for ductile & brittle materials
Members in series & parallel
Lateral strain & Poisson's ratio
Volumetric stress & strain
Elastic constants E, G & K
Statically indeterminate members
Temperature stresses & strains
 Review of Mechanics
Free-Body Diagrams: A free-body diagram is a sketch of an object of interest
with all the surrounding objects stripped away and all of the forces acting on
the body shown.
Loads : External forces and moments acting on a body. They may be either
concentrated or distributed forces or Known /unknown.

Reactions: Reaction forces and moments usually result from the action of
applied forces mentioned above.

Equilibrium Equations: The

resultant force R and resultant
moment M of all forces and
moments acting on a body in
equilibrium are both zero.
 Structure of Mechanics

Statics = deals with equlibrium of bodies under the action of forces.

Dynamics = deals with motio of bodies.
 Introduction to SOM
Rigid bodies:
-- It is an idealized body composed of large number of particles, all of which
always remains at a fixed distance from each other.
Deformable bodies:
-- A body or element whose size and shape changes under the application of
external forces is known as deformable body.
-- Objectives are to determine strength & stiffness of the deformable body.
 Concept of stress

-- Stress is a internal resistance of the

body i.e. the nature of forces set up
within a body to balance the effect of
the externally applied forces.
-- Externally applied forces are
termed as loads
-- Stress is defined as the force
intensity or force per unit area.
Examples: members of bridge truss,
spokes of bicycle wheels, columns in
buildings etc.
 Concept of stress
Types of Stresses:
-- Only two basic stresses exists: (1) normal stress, (2) shear stress.
Normal stresses:
-- If the stresses are normal to the cut surface, then these are termed as
normal stresses. Normal stresses are indicated by symbol .
-- Tensile or compressive stresses : towing ropes or lifting hoists, pillars
of buildings
 Concept of stress
Shear stresses: If the stresses are parallel to the cut surface, then these
are termed as shear stresses. The formula to calculate shear stress is
force per unit area. Shear stresses are indicated by symbol .

Note: Shear stress will always be tangential to the area on which it acts;
direct stresses, however, are always normal to the area on which they act.
 Concept of strain
Strain: If a bar is subjected to load its shape will change. Strain is a
measure of the deformation of the material. If the bar has an original
length L and changes by an amount L, the strain produce is defined as
follows

Since in practice, the extensions

of materials under load are very
very small, it is often convenient
to measure the strain in the form
of strain x 10-6 i.e. micro strain
 Concept of strain
Types of Strains :

Normal strain/linear strain/longitudinal

strain:
Strain associated with normal stresses.
If the bar is in tension, the strain is called
a tensile strain, representing an elongation
or stretching of the material.
If the bar is in compression, the strain is
a compressive strain and the bar shortens.
 Concept of strain
Shear strain:
The block will change the shape or strain into the form.
The angle of deformation is then termed the shear strain.
The change in right angle (distortion) and is measured in radians & hence
is non dimensional i.e. it has no unit.
Stress-strain diagram for tension

Typical tensile-test specimen with

extensometer attached
Stress-strain diagram for tension

Stress-strain diagram for a typical structural steel in tension

 Stress-strain diagram for tension

Typical stress-strain diagram for Typical stress-strain diagram

an aluminum alloy for a brittle material
 Hooke's Law
A material is said to be elastic when it undergoes deformation on application
of loading such that deformation disappears on the removal of the loading.

This elasticity exists only when the deformation caused by loading is within a
certain limit. Elastic limit

Hooke's law states that within the elastic limit, stress is directly proportional
to strain. i.e. stress/strain = constant or / = E

Steel has a modulus of approximately 210 GPa; for aluminum, it is 73 GPa.

Limitations:
1. The relation = E is valid to bars of linearly elastic materials .
2. The bar must be prismatic.

In case of shear loading , the ratio of the shear stress to shear strain is
constant when shear deformation is within a certain limit. i.e.
shear stress/ shear strain = constant or / or / = G
Deformations Of Member Under Axial Loading
o A prismatic bar is a structural member having a
straight longitudinal axis and constant cross section
throughout its length.
o Consider a homogeneous rod BC of length L and
uniform cross section of area A subjected to a centric
axial load P.
o By Hooke's law, =E

= /E = P/AE

o strain is defined as = L/L or L= L

o substituting from above equation,

L = P L / AE
This equation is used only if bar has a uniform cross
section of area A. The product AE is known as the
axial rigidity of the bar.
 Deformations of member Under Axial Loading

Tapering rod:
Fig. shows a bar uniformly tapering
from diameter dA at one end to
diameter dB at other end.

Elongation of a tapered bar of

circular section is --
= (4PL/ E d A dB )

Elongation of a tapered bar of

rectangular section is --
= [PL/ E t (a-b)] ln (a/b)
Deformations of Members Under Self Weight
Consider a bar hanging freely under its own weight as
shown in fig.
Consider a small length x of the bar at a distance x
from the free end.
Let A = cross section of the bar
w = weight of the bar per unit length
W = weight of the bar = w L
Wx = weight of the bar below the small section = wx

Extension of the small length = (Wx x / AE) = wx *x /AE

Therefore extension of the whole rod = (wx * x /AE)

= wL2/2AE
= WL/2AE
i.e. (deformation due to a weight W at the lower end)/2
Thus the deformation of the bar under its own weight
is equal to the half of the deformation due to a direct
load equal to weight of the body applied at free end
Deformations of members with varying cross section=
bars in Series

Axially loaded stepped member

Individual elongations d1 and d2 are added algebraically to give an

overall elongation of the entire system as

P1L1 PL
d tot d1 d 2 2 2
E1A 1 E2 A 2

(Pi, Li, Ei and Ai are local values e.g. P1 is internal force)

Deformations of members with varying cross section= bars in
Parallel = Compound bar
A bar consisting of two or more bars of different materials in parallel is known
as a composite or compound bar.

When an external load is applied to such a compound bar it is shared

between the individual component materials. i.e. Ptot = PBr + PSt+ PBr

Elongation of each member must be equal i.e. dtot = dBr = dSt = dBr
 Poissons ratio and lateral strain
o When a prismatic bar is stretched, it not only gets longer, it gets thinner.
L dx/2
y

x Px Px

L
o So there is a tensile strain in the axial direction and a compressive strain in
the other two (lateral) directions.

o Poissons ratio as: = - lateral strain / axial or linear strain = - lateral / linear
lateral strain = - *(linear strain)

o If axial strain is tensile (+), lateral strain is compressive (-).

If axial strain is compressive (-), lateral strain is tensile (+).

o For most metals and many other materials, ranges from 0.25 0.35.

o The theoretical upper limit is 0.5 (rubber comes close to this).

 Volumetric stress & strain
When a body is subjected to external force on its face, there will be a change in
its volume.

The ratio of change in volume to the original volume is known as volumetric

strain. i.e. eV = V/V

Volumetric strain in rectangular bar subjected to uniaxial load:

Volumetric strain eV= linear strain 2*lateral strain

 Volumetric strain: 3 D stress
When a body is acted upon by three mutually perpendicular forces, there is
change in the volume of the body(dilation). Thus volumetric strain is defined as
the ratio of increase in the volume of the body to its original volume.

For a rectangular body of sides a , b, c as shown in

fig. Let 1 ,2 and 3 be the corresponding strains.
Initial volume = a b c &
final volume = (a + a 1)(b + b 2)(c +c 3)
= abc (1+1)(1+2)(1+3)
Therefore,
Vol. strain = Increase in vol. / Original vol.
= [abc (1+1)(1+2)(1+3) abc] / abc
dV/V= 1+ 2+ 3
Now substituting the values of 1,2,3
dV/V = ()
Three dimensional stress system : Generalized Hooks Law
Tables of mechanical properties
 Elastic constants
Relation between E & G:
E = 2 G (1+)

Relation between E & K:

E = 2 K (1-2)

Relation between E, G & K:

E= 9 K G /(3 K + G)
 Temperature stresses & strains
Changes in temperature produce expansion or
contraction of materials and result in thermal
strains and thermal stresses
For most structural materials, thermal strain T is
proportional to the temperature change T :

T = (T)

coefficient of thermal expansion

When a sign convention is needed for thermal
strains, we usually assume that expansion is
positive and contraction is negative.
 Temperature stresses & strains
Suppose we have a bar subjected to an axial load.
We will then have:
=/E
Also suppose that we have an identical bar
subjected to a temperature change T. We will then
have:
T = (T)
Equating the above two strains we will get:
= E (T)
We can calculate the increase in any dimension of
the block by multiplying the original dimension by the
thermal strain
T = T L = (T) L ---- (temperature displacement relation)