COMERCIAL AVIATION

Introduction
This work is a study on the development of
aviation in India, low cost airlines,
domestic airlines and improving economy
of India. This gives us an idea about
Cockpit, Cargo and about the relevance of
a cabin crew. This covers the area like
dealing the special passengers and also
about Airbus.
 Aviation Industry in INDIA
India is one of the fastest growing aviation markets in
the world. With the liberalization of the Indian aviation
sector, the industry had witnessed a transformation
with the entry of the privately owned full service
airlines and low cost carriers. As of May 2006, private
carriers accounted for around 75% share of the
domestic aviation market. The sector has also seen a
significant increase in number of domestic air travel
passengers. Some of the factors that have resulted in
higher demand for air transport in India include the
growing middle class and its purchasing power, low
airfares offered by low cost carriers, the growth of the
tourism industry in India, increasing outbound travel
from India, and the overall economic growth of India.
Low Cost Airlines
A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also
known as a no-frills or discount carrier or airline)
is an airline that offers generally low fares in
exchange for eliminating many traditional
passenger services. The concept originated in
the United States before spreading to Europe in
the early 1990s and subsequently to much of the
rest of the world. The term originated within the
airline industry referring to airlines with a lower
operating cost structure than their competitors.
While the term is often applied to any carrier with
low ticket prices and limited services, regardless
of their operating models, low-cost carriers
should not be confused with regional airlines
that operate short flights without service, or with
full-service airlines offering some reduced fares.
Low cost airlines in India
DOMESTIC AIRLINES IN INDIA

INDIGO AIRLINES
GO AIR AIRLINES
SPICEJET AIRLINES
PARAMOUNT AIRLINES
JETLITE AIRLINES
INDIGO AIRLINES
Indigo--or "individuals on the go", for the first time allowed individual
travelers the ability to reserve and purchase a single seat on a traditional
corporate or business jet which then flew a "scheduled" flight like a
traditional airline. Prior to Indigo the only business jet services available to
consumers consisted of jet ownership or charter, both expensive options to
regular airline travel. Indigo is regarded as the originator of two new
categories of corporate jet air travel service: per seat, high frequency
and the public or commercial corporate jet.
Indigo Airlines commenced operations on 4 August 2006 with a service
from Delhi to Imphal via Guwahati. The airline is owned by InterGlobe
Enterprises. It took delivery of its first Airbus A320 aircraft on 28 July 2006
and received six aircraft during 2006. Nine more aircraft were delivered in
2007 taking the total to 15. The carrier has set a target of serving
approximately 30 Indian cities by 2010 with a fleet size of 40 A320 and
A321 aircraft. The airline will receive all 100 A320 family aircraft by 2016.
Former US Airways Executive Vice-President, Marketing and Planning
Bruce Ashby has joined Indigo Airlines as their Chief Executive Officer.
The Indian Government has approved the airlines' aircraft import plan
"in principle". The airline has also acquired 3 parking spots in New Delhi
and Mumbai airports.
INDIGO Route Map
SpiceJet is a low-cost airline based in New Delhi, India. It began service in
May 2005. Earlier known as Royal Airways, it is a reincarnation of ModiLuft.
SpiceJet marked its entry in service with Rs. 99 fares for the first 99 days.
There were 9000 seats available at this rate. It followed it up with a Rs. 999
promotional scheme on select routes. Their marketing theme is "offering low
'everyday spicy fares' and great guest services to price conscious travelers".
It was voted as the best low-cost airline in South Asia and Central Asia
region by Skytrax in 2007
Route-Map
 Destinations
Ahmedabad - Sardar Patel Airport
Bagdogra - Bagdogra Airport
Bangalore - Bangalore Airport
Coimbatore - Peelamedu Airport
Delhi - Indira Gandhi Airport
Goa - Dabolim Airport
Guwahati - Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport
Hyderabad - Shamshabad Airport
Jaipur - Sanganer Airport
Jammu - Satwari Airport
Kolkata - Subhash Chandra Bose Airport
Mumbai - Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport
Pune - Lohegaon Airport
Srinagar - Sheikh ul Alam Airport
Varanasi - Babatpur Airport
Visakhapatnam - Visakhapatnam Airport
The airline was established in June 2004. On 9 June 2005
Go Air announced that it intended to launch operations
in October 2005 with a fleet of 20 leased Airbus A320
aircraft. Initial flights would be in the southern and
western areas of India with the first nine A320s, the
remaining 11 aircraft being added in the second year. At
the time the airline was in discussion with both Airbus
and Boeing on the purchase of between 20 and 40 new
aircraft, with a contract to be in place by the end of 2005
and with deliveries to start by 2007 .
 Destinations
Ahmedabad - Sardar Patel Airport
Cochin - Nedumbassery Airport
Delhi - Indira Gandhi Airport
Vasco da Gama - Dabolim Airport
Jaipur - Sanganer Airport
Jammu - Satwari Airport
Mumbai - Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport
Srinagar - Sheikh ul Alam Airport
The airline was established on 20 September 1991 and began
operations on 3 December 1993 with two Boeing 737-200
aircraft as Sahara Airlines. Initially services were primarily
concentrated in the northern sectors of India, keeping Delhi
as its base, and then operations were extended to cover all
the country. Sahara Airlines was rebranded as Air Sahara on
2 October 2000, although Sahara Airlines remains the
carrier's registered name. On 22 March 2004 it became an
international carrier with the start of flights from Chennai to
Colombo. It is part of the major Sahara India Pariwar
business conglomerate. The uncertainty over the airline's
fate has caused its share of the domestic Indian air
transport market go down from approximately 11% in
January 2006 to a reported 8.5% in April.
 Destinations
Hyderabad - Hyderabad International Airport
Visakhapatnam - Visakhapatnam Airport
Dibrugarh - Mohanbari Airport
Guwahati - Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport
Jorhat - Jorhat Airport
Raipur - Mana Airport
Indira Gandhi International Airport
Vasco da Gama - Dabolim Airport
Ahmedabad - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport
Jammu and Kashmir
Srinagar - Sheikh ul Alam Airport
Bangalore - Bangalore Airport
Kochi - Nedumbassery Airport
Madhya Pradesh
Indore - Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport
Aurangabad - Chikkalthana Airport
Mumbai - Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Nagpur - Sonegaon Airport
Pune - Lohegaon Airport
Imphal - Tulihal Airport
Bhubaneswar - Biju Patnaik Airport
Jaipur - Sanganer Airport
Chennai - Meenambakkam Airport
Coimbatore - Peelamedu Airport
Gorakhpur - Gorakhpur Airport
Kolkata - Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International
Airport
Paramount Airways is an airline based in Chennai, India.
It operates scheduled services, mainly targeting
business travellers. Its hub is Chennai International
Airport. It is the first airline in India to launch the New
Generation Embraer 170/190 family series aircrafts.

Paramount Airways is a premium service schedule airline

offering competitive fares, and first time direct services to
a number of commercial hubs in India, connecting these
to primary metros across the country. It is the only airline
in India to offer full business class service at prices
comparative to normal economy class fares of other
airlines.
 Destinations

Paramount Airways currently flies to 12

destinations throughout South india and West
India. The airline added its 12th destination
on November 12, 2008 when it resumed
service from Pune.
 Indias Improving
Economy
India is famous for TOURISM. There are many things
for seen like Historical places, Indian culture,
temples, so many of foreign people come here and
see these places and because of domestic airline
they easily can reach there in different places .
Aviation industry is also help in developing Indian
Economy.
India is famous for TOURISM. There are many things
for seen like Historical places, Indian culture,
temples, so many of foreign people come here and
see these places and because of domestic airline
they easily can reach there in different places .
Aviation industry is also help in developing Indian
Economy.
Parts of an Aircraft
Airplanes are transportation devices which are designed to move
people and cargo from one place to another. Airplanes come in many
different shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft.
The airplane shown on this slide is a turbine-powered airliner which
has been chosen as a representative aircraft.
For any airplane to fly, you must lift the weight of the airplane itself,
the fuel, the passengers, and the cargo. The wings generate most of
the lift to hold the plane in the air. To generate lift, the airplane must be
pushed through the air. The jet engines, which are located beneath the
wings, provide the thrust to push the airplane forward through the air.
The air resists the motion in the form of aerodynamic drag. Some
airplanes use propellers for the propulsion system instead of jets.
To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the
tail of the plane. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece (called the
horizontal stabilizer) and a fixed vertical piece (called the vertical
stabilizer). The stabilizers' job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to
keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the
plane from swinging from side to side, while the horizontal stabilizer
prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose. (On the Wright brother's
first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings.
Such a configuration is called a canard after the French word for
"duck").
At the rear of the wings and stabilizers are small moving sections that are attached
to the fixed sections by hinges. In the figure, these moving sections are colored
brown. Changing the rear portion
of a wing will change the amount of force that the wing produces. The ability to
change forces gives us a means of controlling and maneuvering the airplane. The
hinged part of the vertical stabilizer is called the rudder; it is used to deflect the tail
to the left and right as viewed from the front of the fuselage. The hinged part of the
horizontal stabilizer is called the elevator; it is used to deflect the tail up and down.
The outboard hinged part of the wing is called the aileron; it is used to roll the
wings from side to side. Most airliners can also be rolled from side to side by using
the spoilers. Spoilers are small plates that are used to disrupt the flow over the
wing and to change the amount of force by decreasing the lift when the spoiler is
deployed.
The wings have additional hinged, rear sections near the body that are called flaps.
Flaps are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the amount of
force produced by the wing. On some aircraft, the front part of the wing will also
deflect. Slats are used at takeoff and landing to produce additional force. The
spoilers are also used during landing to slow the plane down and to counteract the
flaps when the aircraft is on the ground. The next time you fly on an airplane,
notice how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.
The fuselage or body of the airplane, holds all the pieces together. The pilots sit in
the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the
rear of the fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry the fuel in
the wings.
As mentioned above, the aircraft configuration in the figure was chosen only as an
example. Individual aircraft may be configured quite differently from this airliner.
The Wright Brothers 1903 Flyer had pusher propellers and the elevators at the front
of the aircraft. Fighter aircraft often have the jet engines buried inside the fuselage
instead of in pods hung beneath the wings. Many fighter aircraft also combine the
horizontal stabilizer and elevator into a single stabilator surface. There are many
possible aircraft configurations, but any configuration must provide for the four
forces needed for flight.
 Tools &Technology in aircraft
Aircraft communication systems Satellite aircraft communication systems

Aircraft environment controllers Cabin management systems

Aircraft escape or ejection systems Emergency exit doors and windows;

Evacuation slides; Slideraft packs; Window exit escape ropes

Aircraft fire control or extinguishing systems Aircraft fire

extinguishing systems

Aircraft oxygen equipment Chemical oxygen generators;

Portable oxygen bottles; Protective breathing equipment; Supplemental
oxygen systems

Cool containers Refreshment carts; Refrigeration units; Storage

compartments

Life vests or preservers Flotation seat cushions; Life preservers

Lifeboats or liferafts Emergency rafts; Sliderafts

A-300
 Airbus A-300
The Airbus A300 is a short- to medium-
range wide body aircraft. Launched in
1972 as the world's first twin-engined wide
body, it was the first product of the Airbus
consortium of European aerospace
companies, wholly owned today by EADS.
The A300 ceased production in July 2007,
along with the smaller A310. Freighter
sales for which the A300 competed are to
be fulfilled by a new A330-200F derivative
Airbus also developed three different versions of the plane. The first one was
the A300-600 Convertible that could be easily adjusted to carry passengers
or cargo. This version hasnt received any orders. A very popular version is
the A300-600F, a fully cargo version of the A300. This version can carry no
passengers and has two cargo doors for quick load. It uses two General
Electric CF6-80C-2A5 equipped with FADEC system (look at Airbus A320 for
more information). Simultaneously, airlines can also choose the
Pratt & Whitney PW4158. The aircraft made its first flight in December
2nd 1993. Federal Express placed an order for 25 A300-600F with option
for 50 more. Airbus also developed a strange version of A300,
the A300-600ST, a plane designed to replace the Aerospace lines Guppy
that used to transfer the parts of the aircrafts from the factories to the
assembly line. The upper part of the fuselage is enlarged so as to carry
large parts of aircrafts such as wings, parts of the fuselage etc.
The maximum width of the fuselage is 7.37m. These planes are called
Beluga and four of them were constructed. Airbus A300 was the first
project of Airbus Industries and showed the abilities of the European
aircraft manufacturers. Through this aircraft, Airbus managed to compete
with the ruling Boeing and this project gave the availability to the company
to construct the ultimate planes, the A340 and A320. It will remain as a
very useful and efficient aircraft that changed the face of the aircraft design.
 Technology
Airbus partners employed the latest technology, some
derived from the Concorde. On entry into service in 1974,
the A300 was very advanced and influenced later subsonic
airliner designs. The technological highlights include:
Advanced wings by de Havilland (later BAE Systems) with:
supercritical airfoil section for economical performance
advanced aerodynamically efficient flight controls
222-inch diameter circular fuselage section for 8-abreast
passenger seating and wide enough for 2 LD3 cargo
containers side-by-side
Structures made from metal billets, reducing weight
First airliner to be fitted with wind shear protection
Advanced autopilots capable of flying the aircraft from
climb-out to landing
Electrically controlled braking system
Later A300s incorporate other advanced features
such as
2-man crew by automating the flight engineer's
functions, an industry first
Glass cockpit flight instruments
Extensive use of composites for an aircraft of its era
Center-of-gravity control by shifting around fuel
The first airliner to use wingtip fences for better
aerodynamics
All these made the A300 a substitute for the
widebody trijets such as McDonnell Douglas DC-10
and Lockheed L-1011 for short to medium routes. On
the early versions, Airbus used the same engines
and similar major systems as the DC-10
Airbus A300
Cockpit
A cockpit is the area, usually near the front of an
aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft. Most
modern cockpits are enclosed, except on some small
aircraft, and cockpits on large airliners are also
physically separated from the cabin.
Cockpit as a term for the pilot's compartment in an
aircraft first appeared in 1914. From about 1935 cockpit
also came to be used informally to refer to the driver's
seat of a car, especially a high performance one, and
this is official terminology in Formula One. The term is
most likely related to the sailing term for the coxswain's
station in a Royal Navy ship, and later the location of the
ship's rudder controls.
The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight instruments,
called an instrument panel, and the controls which
enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In most large airliners,
a door separates the cockpit from the passenger
compartment. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks, all major airlines fortified the cockpit against
unauthorized access by hijackers.
On an airliner, the cockpit is usually referred to as the flight deck. This
term derives from its use by the RAF for the separate, upper platform
where the pilot and co-pilot sat in large flying boats.
The first airplane with an enclosed cabin appeared in 1913 on Igo
Sikorsky's airplane The Grand. However, during the 1920s there were
many passenger aircraft in which the crew were open to the air while the
passengers sat in a cabin. Military biplanes and the first single-engined
fighters and attack aircraft also had open cockpits into the Second World
War. Early airplanes with closed cockpits were the 1924 Fokker tri-
motor, the 1926 Ford Tri-Motor, the 1927 Lockheed Vega, the Spirit of
St. Louis, the 1931 Taylor Cub, German Junkers used as military
transports, and the passenger aircraft manufactured by the Douglas and
Boeing companies during the mid-1930s. Open-cockpit airplanes were
almost extinct by the mid-1950s, with the exception of training planes
and crop-dusters.
Cockpit windows may be equipped with a sun shield. Most cockpits have
windows which can be opened when the aircraft is on the ground. Nearly
all glass windows in large aircraft have a Anti-reflective coating, and an
internal heating element to melt ice. Smaller aircraft may be equipped
with a transparent aircraft canopy.
 Cargo
Air cargo is commonly known as freight. There are many firms which
collect
freight from a shipper and deliver it to the customer such as Night
freight or
UPS. Aircraft were first used for carrying mail as cargo in 1911, but
eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for freight as well.
There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as
the
Boeing 747 and the bigger An-124, which were purpose built to be
easily
converted to a cargo aircraft. Such very large aircraft also employ quick
loading containers known as ULDs much like containerized cargo
ships.
Cargo airlines (or airfreight carriers, and
derivatives of these names)
are airlines dedicated to the transport of
cargo. Some cargo airlines are
divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger
airlines
 CABIN CREW
Flight attendants or cabin crew
(historically known as stewards, air
hosts/hostesses, or stewardesses) are
members of an aircrew employed by
airlines to ensure the safety and comfort of
the passengers aboard commercial flights
as well as on select business jet aircraft
AN EMPLOYEE OF AN AIRLINE WHO IS PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE SAFETY AND COMFORT O PASSENGERS DURING THEIR
FLIGHT IS CALLED A CABIN CREW
 Duties of a Cabin Crew
Direct and assist passengers in the event of an emergency, such as directing
passengers to evacuate a plane following an emergency landing.
Announce and demonstrate safety and emergency procedures such as the use
of oxygen masks, seat belts, and life jackets
Walk aisles of planes to verify that passengers have complied with federal
regulations prior to take-offs and landings.
Verify that first aid kits and other emergency equipment, including fire
extinguishers and oxygen bottles, are in working order.
Administer first aid to passengers in distress.
Attend preflight briefings concerning weather, altitudes, routes, emergency
procedures, crew coordination, lengths of flights, food and beverage services
offered, and numbers of passengers.
Prepare passengers and aircraft for landing, following procedures.
Determine special assistance needs of passengers such as small children, the
elderly, or disabled persons.
Check to ensure that food, beverages, blankets, reading material, emergency
equipment, and other supplies are aboard and are in adequate supply.
Reassure passengers when situations such as turbulence are encountered.
 Qualities of A Cabin Crew
TECHNICHAL KNOWLEDGE
MATURITY
ADAPTABILITY
JUDGEMENT
TACT
DIPLOMACY
GROOMING
ATTITUDE
FRIENDLY
EMPATHETIC
SINCERE
DEDICATED
GOOD LISTENER
A GOOD COMMUNICATOR
Beverages
 Alcoholic Beverages
Admiral Nelson's Rum, Premium Merlot
Coors, Beefeater Gin ,Premium
Chardonnay Coors, Light Canadian,
Mist Heineken, Chivas Regal Scotch,
Brandy Liquors,Molson,Finlandia
Vodka, Amaretto, New Castle, Jack
Daniels Black Label,
Amarula , Courvoisier .
 Non- Alcoholic
Coca cola Classic
Diet Coke
Coca cola Zero
Sprite
Sprite Zero
Dasani bottled water
Canada Dry
Milk
Tea
Java city hand roasted regular/decaffeinated
coffees
Trays
Clearing trays
 Others
Special Meal services
Asian
Baby
Child
Bland
Diabetic
Gluten-free
Kosher
Low-sodium
Muslim
Seafood (cold)
Vegetarian (Pure)
 Special Passengers
Unaccompanied Minor: A child or infant who is 3
month of age or over but under 12 yrs of age.
Invalid passenger & mentally challenged
passenger: Passengers whose physically or
mentally condition may give the carrier concern
for their health and elderly passengers (aged
over 75) are permitted to travel upon
presentation of a medical certificate stating that
their health does not prevent them from flying.
 Unaccompanied Minor
THE PASSENGER IS BOARDED FIRST AND DE-
PLANED LAST
THE GROUND STAFF HAND OVER THE MINOR TO
THE CABIN CREW IN CHARGE OF THE SECTION IN
WHICH THE MINOR IS TO BE SEATED
ALL PAPERS & DOCUMENTATION ARE GIVEN TO
THE CABIN CREW THEY ARE TO BE CHECK
THOROUGHLY
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES SUCH AS USAGE OF
OXYGEN MASKS AND FASTENING OF SEAT BELTS
IS TOLD TO THE UNM
THE LOCATION OF THE GALLEYS , TOILETS AND
CREW SEATS ARE SHOWN TO THEM
Children in the age group of 5 to 11, holding a
confirmed reservation and traveling alone qualify
as Unaccompanied Minors. We take the
responsibility of escorting them safely to their
destination. Kingfisher Airlines Ltd. personnel
assist in check-in and boarding process and
introduce the child to the flight attendants on
board. Our flight attendants take special care of
the child to ensure a comfortable and enjoyable
flight. At the destination our staff escorts the
child to the arrival terminal and meets the
person named on the UNM form. Only after
checking the credential of the assigned person
is the child released.
 SUDDEN PASSENGER
COLLAPSE
FIRST SPRINKLE SOME WATER ON
HIS FACE GIVE SOME WATER TO
DRINK
 Scalding by hot beverage

Washed by using cold water

and apply some medicines
 Choking

Choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment
into the lungs. Chocking prevents breathing and can be partial or complete,
with partial choking allow some, although inadequate, flow of air into the lungs.
Prolonged or complete choking results in asphyxiation which leads to hypoxia
and is potentially fatal
 Choking can be caused by:
Introduction of a foreign object into the
airway, which becomes lodged in the
pharynx, larynx or trachea.
Respiratory diseases that involves
obstruction of the airway.
Compression of the laryngopharynx,
larynx or trachea in strangles
 Chocking

First loosened out of cloth and

give water
 Conclusion
This work helped me to Identify the parts
of an aircraft,cockpit,roles of a cabin
crew. This also helped me in knowing
more about Airbus A300. I got an idea
about the emergencies that we will
have to face. I came to know about the
safety and emergency equipments also.
 Bibliography
www.Google.com
www.wikepedia.com
Aviation module from frank Finn
Aviation times
MS. Ankur mam
 Declaration
I, Aashu bankar here by declare that all the
above work has been done by myself.