“As Aristotle taught, people do not

naturally become morally excellent or

practically wise. They become so, if at
all, only as the result of life-long
personal and community effort.”
-JIM MOLINE-
 THE IMPLICATION OF
VALUES EDUCATION ON
DEVELOPMENT
 Introduction
 Values education has become a growing concern.
 many people realize that human development today is a
function of human values
 government recognized the urgency of the problem
 it does not concern only the education sector but all the
government structures if the nation is to develop
 the crisis calls for self-examination
 The only Christian nation in South East Asia
 The second most corrupt nation in South East Asia
 the crisis calls for a complete of mindset
THE THREE SCHOOLS OF
THOUGHT ABOUT
DEVELOPMENT
 A. Economic Growth and
Development
 It measures development in terms of the country’s GNP and
per capita income.
 Gross National Product (GNP) - measured by totaling all
personal spending, all government spending, and all investment
spending by a nation's industry both domestically and all over
the world
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - the value of all goods and
services produced within a nation's borders regardless of the
nationality of the producer
 The per capita income on the other hand is the amount of
money that on the average each citizen receives in one year.
 Other tools to measure the economic progress of a country:
savings, investments, balance of payment, dollar reserve,
export, etc.
Table 1. Comparative GDP and Per Capita Income of
Some Countries including the Philippines (2001)
 B. Economic Growth, Social Change
and Development
 Development = Economic Growth + Social Change
 It gives equal value to social changes that should
accompany such monetary gains.
 Progress is measured in terms of having modern
institutions and technological development
 Encourages the spread of attitudes that are
compatible with economic efficiency and production
 Favors the improvement of the structures of society
for the material wellbeing of its people.
 Great fan of this school of thought is Alvin Toffler
 Ethical Values and Development

 The focus shifts from material to ethical values

 The emphasis is in “being” and not in “having.”
 The value of human lies not on what he possesses
 The value of human lies not on what he is capable of
doing
 The value lies in his being a human
 For Christians, his value is inherent to his being created in
the image and likeness of God
 Ethical Values and
Development
Growth should be seen in “quality” and
not in “quantity.”
Goods are still considered important
but only as a means to live with dignity
as a human
It focuses on human dignity
Figure 1. The Dimensions of
the Human Person
 The Dimensions of
the Human Person
 As a physical being, we are made up of
matter and must maintain health and
harmony with nature.
 As an intellectual being, we are gifted with
mind and the capacity to know.
 As a moral being, we are endowed with the
faculty of choosing and what is right and
good.
 The Dimensions of
the Human Person
 As spiritual being, we are capable of higher
concerns that rise above the material world. It is
within our nature to look for the explanation of
ourselves and the world we live in beyond our
existence which we find in a Supreme Being.
 We are a social being because we all grew up and
developed as characteristically humans in a family
or its substitute.
 We are an economic being because the resources
that we use are not unlimited in supply; we have
to budget them
 The Dimensions of
the Human Person
We are a political being because of the
necessity to assume and exercise power
for a harmonious living within the
community.
We are an emotional being because we
are capable of feeling and with the coming
of EQ, we now come to realize more and
more the importance of emotions in the
pursuit of self-actualization.
 III.Values Education:
A Goal and A Process
 As a Goal: What to develop
 To have economic growth faster than the
increase in population growth?
 Improved social, political and cultural
conditions?
 Better education, better health care and
facilities, better transportation?
 Better communication and increased political
participation?
Values Education: A Goal and
A Process
 As a Process: How to develop
 Construct of bridges, feeder roads, superhighways, new
ports and harbors (infrastructures)
 Improved infrastructure means more business
corporation, bigger supermarkets, industries, banks, etc.
 Development of skills, value systems, habits and thought
patterns
 Higher literacy, technical expertise, respect for scientific
method and respect for others’ property
The Need for Formation in
Values
An education in values is imperative.
Having a good end through good
means necessarily requires a strong
individual and group values
formation based on the consideration
of all dimensions of human dignity.
 Brief History of the Philippine
Economic Crisis
 Why do we need to understand the
past in order to understand the
present?
 As a multi-dimensional being, we are a
product of the past
 We are a product of our genes and our
environment

(Like in the story of Remus and Romulus)

 Brief History of the Philippine
Economic Crisis
 We are not going to pass judgment and
condemn the past and our leaders but we
have to unearth what was buried in our
history to know who we are and why we are
in this very situation right now.
 It may cause some pain and hurt our
sensibility, but we would rather stare at a
grim and poignant reality rather than sanitize
it AND live in self-deception without learning a
lesson from our past.
 The Philippines as a
Spanish Colony
 The history of the current crisis could be traced from
the time we were subdued by colonial powers
 They initiated the institutionalization of a lopsided
social order: the gap between the rich and the poor,
the Spanish and the Indios, the land lords and the
peasants
 They initiated the exploitation of our natural
resources, best observed in the state of our
remaining rainforest and the plains
 The rule of the Spaniards not only took away our
freedom of self-determination by keeping most of
the people illiterate
 The Philippines as a
Spanish Colony
 The most insidious damage
 Under the banner of Christianity, they rendered
the people docile in accepting a lop-sided social
order where it is ok to oppress the weak and the
poor
 The corruption of the mind of the people.
 The erosion of trust in national leaders,
 The ‘deformation’ of our value system, etc.
 The institutionalization or legitimization of a
feudal system of society
 Uncle Sam’s Benevolent
Assimilation
 Once the revolutionaries were silenced, the
methodical but not less insidious act of “benevolent
assimilation” by establishing the so-called democratic
system and its institutions
 There was no genuine intention or policy to promote
development and economic independence which are
at the heart of democratic state
 Democratic institutions were used as a mere façade,
a covert strategy to enjoy unbridled exploitation of
the country’s natural resources and unhampered
access to our territory
 The Philippines were used as a launching pad for the
fulfillment of its policy of American domination in
Asia-Pacific. (e.g. Korean and Vietnam wars)
 The Japanese Invasion
 It stalled US granting of Philippine
independence
 Left more that a million Filipino soldiers
dead
 Exercised the colonizers’ prerogative of
exploitation of the invaded country’s
resource and people,
 Remember its horrors: the battles of
Bataan and Corregidor, the Death March,
etc.
 The Emergence of Neo-
Colonialism

 When swords and guns are all gone,

what comes next?

 The rise of neo-colonialism: a new

form of oppression expressed through
economic dominance of one country
over another
 New Weapon of
Oppression: Lasses Faire
or Free Trade or
Capitalism
 IT’S ARCHENEMY:
Mercantilism (16th-18th C.)
 governmental controls over industry and trade
 national strength is increased by a increased in
exports over imports.
 The strength of the state is measured in terms of
surplus or savings.
 The goal is to lessen import and increase in
export of manufactured goods.
 It is the economic system industrializing nations
adopted which is characterized by import controls
and strict laws governing development priorities
in favor of the national economy.
 Mercantilism vs. Lassez Faire or
Free Trade or Capitalism
 Free Trade or Lassez Faire (19th C.) –
 Government regulation is justified only to the
extent necessary to ensure free markets, absence
or limited government controls.
 The national advantage represents the sum total
of individual advantages, and national well-being
 National interest is best served by allowing all
individuals complete freedom to pursue their
economic interests
Mercantilism vs. Lasses Faire or Free
Trade or Capitalism
Mercantilism prevailed in the beginning
of the 20th century but Free Trade or
Capitalism was imposed on the
Philippines despite its abandonment by
many industrialized countries.
 The Economic Crisis of 1949 and the
Bell Trade Act
 The country ran out of dollars in spite of the war
damage compensation and post-war financial
assistance
 The compensation and assistance tied to conditions
 Pre-independence, colonial era free trade arrangement
 The Philippines unable to limit the influx of goods from the
US
 US imports to RP enjoy no quota, while RP’s export
subjected to US quotas
The Economic Crisis of 1949 and Bell
Trade Act
 RP was forced to borrow dollars, the international
trade currency, under humiliating conditions (The Bell
Trade Act: see Microsoft Encarta)
 Extension of free trade with the US
 The amendment of the Constitution to accommodate the
“parity rights” provision=Americans have equal rights in
doing business in the Philippines and exploiting our natural
resource
 Extension of the US Bases stay for 99 years
 Uncontrolled capital flight
 Continued dependency to the US
 The Sovereignty Gained
(partially)
 The institution of import and foreign exchange
(dollar) control
 All the dollars earned in the Philippines had to be
surrendered to the Central Bank and exchanged
for pesos at the rate of P2 to 1$.
 Controls became the government’s powerful
weapon of economic planning which it used for
channeling the scarce dollar resources of the
country towards project of high development value
 The Sovereignty Gained
(partially) but bitterly
opposed
 Opposition from the US and other local
interest groups was not missing
 The start of industrialization and achievement
of our sovereignty to chart our own future as
a nation.
 It even gave birth to the slogan “Filipino
First,” which translated into preferential right
for Filipinos
 The glory days of Filipino Nationalism
 The Sovereignty Lost
(Again)
 America’s anti-industrialization policy in the
Philippines: The Recto Expose (Pls. see
Nationalist Economics by A. Lichauco pp.
156-157)
 Interest groups backed by the American
businessmen
 Free trade vs. Mercantilism or Nationalist
Economy
 The Sovereignty Lost
(Again)
The Mighty US always got what they
want: the US interventionist policy to
RP
Reversal of the entire foreign exchange
control system: The Undoing of Pres.
D. Macapagal
 The Sovereignty Lost
(Again)
 The immediate effects of the decontrol program were
as follows:
 The government abandoned its power to determine what
goods could be imported and what it could not.
 It relinquished its power to determine what other transactions
that needed the use of dollars were allowed or not.
 Dollar earners were automatically enriched due to the ensuing
devaluation of peso from $1:P2 to 1$:P3.90.
 The cost of imports automatically increased with the peso
devaluation.
 The cost of industrialization and creation of local jobs rose
steeply.
 The invasion of foreign goods undermined the market of the
country’s domestic industries
The Birth of the Foreign Debt
Problem
 Prior to decontrol, the foreign debt stood at
some $150 million
 By 1965, three years after the lifting of
controls, that debt went four times at $600
million.
 In 1968, three years after Marcos’ ascent to
power it again rose to $1 billion
 The Birth of the Foreign Debt
Problem and the Congress’
Response
 The Congress Passed the Magna Charta of Social
Justice and Economic Freedom
 The government continued borrowing from
international financial institutions (IFI)
 Borrowings however did not come without pre-
conditions. Hence, a new form of donimation, this
time structural in nature, came into being
purportedly to help the borrowing nation to improve
its fiscal situation.
The Birth of the Foreign Debt
Problem
 Subscription of the government to free trade
principles and to the conditions laid down by IMF-
WB did nothing to improve our situation
 Financial flight unabated, instability in the
government and crisis grew
 From $1 billion in 1968, our foreign obligations
escalated to US$26 billion in 1986
 Peso depreciation continued from P4:$1 in the
late 60’s to P21:$1 at the end of Marcos
dictatorship.
 Devaluation unfortunately multiplies our foreign
debt borrowed in dollar currency
 The Foreign Debt Problem
Under Tita Cory
The Post-EDSA government did not
improve the situation
Opportune time to call for moratorium or
debt cancellation especially of the
fraudulent debts
The Cory administration played the role of
the good debtor ignoring the
immorality/behest nature of the debts
incurred
 The Rise of the Foreign Debt
Problem

The Asian crisis and the ballooning of

the foreign debts
From P26:$1 in 1995 the exchange rate
went up to P45:$1
From $28 billion to about $50 billion.
Last year, it stood at a gargantuan $ 69.7
billion (2005) or P3.8 trillion.
Total Foreign Exchange Liabilities from
1995 to 2001
 The Social and Environmental Cost of
the Country’s Foreign Debt Crisis
 This year we will be paying P 1.48 B per day,
62M per hour, and 1.03M per minute!!! 33%
of our national budget goes to debt servicing
every year!
 For the BNPP itself, US$155 T per day
 Money lost which could be spent in building
roads, school buildings, hiring teachers,
improving our facilities, etc.
The Social and Environmental Cost of the
Country’s Foreign Debt Crisis
The Social and Environmental Cost of the
Country’s Foreign Debt Crisis
 The Implication of Values Education
on Development
 The relationship of attitudes and values on the
development or underdevelopment of a nation may
not be easily observable.
 However long it may take us to fully comprehend
the implication of our values on the national
development, the point is they have tremendous
effect;
 it is best demonstrated in the following presentation:
(PowerPoint presentation of First World)
 Any comment? Reaction? Opinion?
 Toward a Revolution of
Mindset
 Sociologists disillusioned
 Philippines economic, social, political
and cultural backwardness despite the
rich socio-cultural heritage borrowed
from the West
 Toward a Revolution of
Mindsets
 Not a quick fix formula but a revolution of mindset
 Bridge between the schooled and less-schooled, the haves
and the have nots: beginning of our salvation
 Change in our school system, Church system, and
communications system
 These systems will have to play their role in clarifying
values, particularly those related to the “economy” in which
great many of our people feel much deprived
 Total human development requires a total revolution of
mindset
 entails a lifetime: a lifetime of learning, and a lifetime of
education in life itself.
 Conclusion
If a person dies because nobody gives
him food, that is a question of morality.
But if twenty million people die of hunger
or otherwise forced to live a miserable
life without dignity, because the leaders
would bleed the nation of its resources,
then, I believe that is a crime. But in
whose court shall we file our grievances;
who will be the judge?
The mismanagement of the nation’s economy,
the subservience of our leaders to the
impositions of foreign creditors, the neo-
colonial rule leveled on our people’s head by
the Americans-- they resulted in a crisis of
catastrophic proportion. This March a survey
yielded 33 percent of the total population or
roughly 27 million Filipinos do not have
enough food on their table.
For 59 years, we have been too faithful to the
demands of our creditors and colonial
masters, yet those 59 years saw no
improvement in the lives of the greater
majority of our people. Indeed, the situation
worsens in each passing day. Surely,
somewhere, something went wrong;
someone committed a mistake. But who is it
to blame? And would blaming solve
anything?
The way things stand, this grim situation
is likely to go on. Meanwhile, many of
our people are hungry and their need
for food cannot wait. The question is
not when nor how nor who will feed
them. The question is: Are we feeding
them? Because if not, we are not
better than those who sold their souls
to money lenders.
But these questions, though they need answers,
cannot be solved by one person alone. It would take
perhaps generations and the joint effort of all to
achieve our goal—national socio-economic, socio-
political and socio-cultural recovery. Yet, even this
recovery would hardly be possible if there is no
personal and social renewal inspired by a unified
consciousness. Our problem makes it ripe for a
revolution! Yes, a revolution but not a bloody one
nor an upheaval led by the masses whose steam
failed to fuel a genuine change. Instead, the
revolution we need is one that begins in the radical
change in the mindset of each and every individual,
a radical change in our values.
At this juncture, we are called to task as
Filipino citizens to examine ourselves,
our values. Our responsibility is
immense. Yet, our resources are so
meager. However, it is not only our
future which is at stake, but the future
of those who will come after us.
I don’t want to sound like a prophet of doom.
For my faith dictates that I keep my head up
and look at the brighter side of life. But even
the prophets of the Old where themselves
belligerent and straightforward in their call
for change. We, therefore, should act no
less like them for we Christians too are
prophets.
May this short presentation therefore hopes to
lead the way to the birth of prophets among
us for they are needed to bring this nation to
the path of God’s salvation.