The Integumentary System

Lab Activity #2
Group 3
Ante, Capinanes, Molarto, Ramos. Salvio
 Introduction
the integumentary system
consists of the skin, the accessory organs such as hair
and nails, the subcutaneous tissue below the skin, and
glands

4 types of glands
sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, ceruminous
glands, and mammary glands.
 Introduction
Fingerprints
pattern of epidermal raised ridges in the fingers, palm
and sole. Patterns of fingerprints are identified to be
whorls, loops or arches.
 Objectives
At the end of the exercise, at least 80% of the
students will be able to:

Explain the distribution of the sweat glands in the

human body;
Identify and analyze fingerprint type;
Develop a fingerprint database; and
Demonstrate various techniques in fingerprint
collection and identification.
 Hypotheses

1. The palm has more sweat glands that in the

wrists (and vice versa).
2. Each member has a different or unique
pattern of fingerprint.
 Methods
A. Plotting Distribution of Sweat Glands
Prepare two clean squares of
bond paper about 1cm x 1cm
each
Get the cotton swab and using
the iodine solution, paint a small
area on your palm and wrist
Allow the solution to dry
thoroughly.
Securely tape the paper squares
and leave them in place for 20
minutes.
 Methods
B. Fingerprinting
1. Fingerprint Database
All the five fingerprints of the right hand of the
members were taken.
Each fingertip was lightly pressed on the unused
carbon paper.
A strip of clear tape was placed on the covered
section of the finger.
Each fingerprint was labeled and was then
categorized as arch, loop or whorl.
 Methods
B. Fingerprinting
2. Techniques in fingerprint collection and identification
Iodine Fuming
Using the forceps, obtain clean bond paper about
5cm x 5cm
Each member collected adequate amount of oil by
rubbing their right thumb against their noses.
The right thumb was then pressed on the clean
bond paper.
All the papers were placed inside a jar or container
with the iodine crystals.
Wait for 20 minutes for the formation of
fingerprints to occur
 Methods
B. Fingerprinting
2. Techniques in fingerprint collection
and identification
Dusting with Powder
Using the forceps, obtain a
clean glass slide.
Each member collected
adequate amount of oil by
rubbing their right thumb on
against noses.
The right thumb was then
pressed on the clean glass
slide.
Results & Discussions
 Results & Discussions
A. Plotting Distribution of Sweat Glands

The size of these spots is a qualitative indication of the

amount of secretion from each active sweat pore (Randall,
1946; Harris et al., 1972)

The larger the spot, the greater the amount of sweat secreted
from that particular pore (Randall, 1946; Harris et al., 1972)
 A. Plotting Distribution of Sweat Glands
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Palms Wrists

Table 1. Overall distribution of sweat glands in palm

and wrist out of 10 volunteers.
Randall in 1946
Quantitation and regional distribution of sweat
glands in man
starch-iodine technique
used a dilute solution of iodine of 2-3% in 95%
alcohol
the left upper extremity of a patient was
partially sympathectomized to know if the
operation has effectively reduced sweating in
the extremities.
Harris et al., in 1972
Evaluating sweat gland activity with imprint
techniques
A person is subjected sweat stimulation
A 3% solution of iodine (and 95% potassium
iodide) was swabbed over the test site.
The bond paper method (Randall, 1946) was
prone to smudging with the placement of the
paper.
To avoid this, they directly photographed the
sweat pattern as it appeared on the skin
B. Fingerprint
1. Fingerprint Database
Fingerprints are the markers of human identity.
According to the Henry system of classification, there are
three basic fingerprint patterns namely, loop, whorl and
arch (Henry, 1905).
B. Fingerprint Database
Middle Ring
Initials Thumb Forefinger Pinky
Finger Finger

A W W L W L

B L W L L L

C W W A L W

D W W L W L

E W W L L L

Table 2. Right hand fingerprints of all members of

group two
2. Techniques in Fingerprint Collection and
Identification

Dactyloscopy or fingerprint identification is the

process of comparing two instances of friction
ridge skin impressions (Ashbaugh, 2013)
These fingerprints that are deposited on surfaces
by secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands
present in epidermal ridges may be 'latent' or
'patent'.
Patent Latent

(Jasuja et al., 2012).

Iodine Fuming
Fingermarks pressed onto paper was stored in
a jar containing iodine crystals.
Gives yellowish brown latent prints (Jasuja et
al., 2012).
 Iodine Fuming
Initials A B C D E

Fingerprint
Whorl Loop Whorl Whorl Loop
Type

Dusting with Powder

Initials A B C D E

Fingerprint
Whorl Loop Whorl Whorl Loop
Type

Table 3. Left thumbprints of group members identified

using iodine fuming technique and dusting with
powder technique.
Jasuja et al. in 2012
Fixing latent fingermarks developed by iodine
fuming
Proposed a method to fix latent fingerprints
developed with iodine fumes such that it was
not permanent due to the sublimation of
iodine.
the creation of a new reagent based on the
aqueous solution of alkaloid brucine
Dusting with Powder
The simplest and most common method that makes
use of finely divided formulation to the fingerprint
impression with a brush (Sodhi & Kaur, 2001).
 Iodine Fuming
Initials A B C D E

Fingerprint
Whorl Loop Whorl Whorl Loop
Type

Dusting with Powder

Initials A B C D E

Fingerprint
Whorl Loop Whorl Whorl Loop
Type

Table 3. Left thumbprints of group members identified

using iodine fuming technique and dusting with
powder technique.
 the size and shape of the particles of the
powder is a factor

Powder formulations used must be of very

fine, rounded or of fine flake particles. (Sodhi
& Kaur, 2001)
 Conclusion

We are all unique!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!