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Doubly Fed Induction Generator For Wind Energy

Conversion Systems With Integrated Active Filter
Capabilities

Under the guidance of Presented By:

Mr. P.VENKATESH M.NARAYANA NAYAK
Assistant professor 158W1D5609
 Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Wind Turbine Generator Technologies
DFIM based wind generator
Selection of dc-link voltage
Design of interfacing inductor
Grid side converter controller
FFT analysis
results
References

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Abstract
Now a days wind power energy is playing a major role in power industry. With the
raise in application of the wind power variety of topologies are emerging into picture.
Within the various types of adjustable speed fixed frequency topologies Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) is most preferred type because of its efficiency as well as
capability to allow wide range of speed variance at simplified converter size .

The operation of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with an integrated active filter
capabilities using grid-side converter (GSC). The main contribution of this work lies in
the control of GSC for supplying harmonics in addition to its slip power transfer. The
rotor-side converter (RSC) is used for attaining maximum power extraction and to
supply required reactive power to DFIG. This wind energy conversion system (WECS)
works as a static compensator (STATCOM) for supplying harmonics even when the
wind turbine is in shutdown condition. Control algorithms of both GSC and RSC are
presented in detail. The proposed DFIG-based WECS is simulate using
MATLAB/Simulink.
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Introduction To Wind Energy Conversion System

Wind energy conversion system (WECS) is the overall system that

converts the wind energy into useful electrical power through a
mechanical power.
The WECS consists of three major aspects; aerodynamic, mechanical
and electrical aspect.
The major parts included in the mechanical and the electrical power
conversion of a typical wind turbine system is shown in figure
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Continued
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Main Components
Rotor
Nacelle
Tower
Electric substation
Foundation
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Classification

Modern wind turbines are generally classified into two basic groups:

The horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) and the vertical-axis wind

turbines (VAWT).
Currently, most of the wind turbines using in the market are from HAWT
type.
The HAWTs are divided into downwind horizontal axis wind turbines
and upwind horizontal axis wind turbines.
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Continued
 Wind Turbine Generator Technologies

Four wind turbine generator technologies are commercially available for utility size
applications. They include:

Fixed speed wind generators with squirrel cage induction

generatorsType 1.

Wind generators with wound rotor induction generators and limited

speed variation through an external resistorType 2.

Doubly fed induction generators with variable speedType 3.

Permanent magnet synchronous machine or an induction machine

(cage or wound rotor) with a full converter and variable speed
rangeType 4.
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Type 1

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 Type 1
The induction generator is directly interconnected to the electrical grid.

The gear box and the number of pole pairs of the induction generator
determine the fixed speed of the wind turbine generator.

Advantages :
Least Expensive.
Construction does not involve any slip rings and hence the machines
are rugged and reliable.
Disadvantages:
Suboptimal energy extraction because of the fixed speed operation.
Capacitor banks are required.

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Type 2

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 Type 2

Type 2 is a wound rotor induction generator with a variable external resistance

connected in series with the rotor winding.

This arrangement provides a limited variation of generator speed by approximately 10

% in order to provide a constant power output with change in wind speeds.

Not flexible but less cost.

Higher rotor losses.

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Type 3

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 Type 3

The stator windings are directly connected to grid .

The rotor windings are interfaced to grid via the rotor side converter(RSC) and the grid
side converter(GSC) that are connected back-to-back through a dc-link capacitor.

Advantages :
Cost of the converter is low .
Reduced losses compared to Type 4 .

Disadvantages :
Protection system is required.
Regular Maintenance.

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Type 4

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 Type 4
The generator could either be a squirrel cage or wound rotor induction generator or a
permanent magnet synchronous generator .

This type of wind turbine generator is slowly gaining wide acceptance.

Advantages of Type 4 :
Wide speed range is possible.
Maximum power extraction is possible.

Disadvantages of Type 4:
More expensive
Higher losses

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Advantages of variable speed wind generators :

Flexibility in operation

Higher output power

Higher efficiency

Improved power quality

Variable speed operation

Lower mechanical stress on turbine hence lower maintenance

Decoupled control of the active and reactive power

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Advantages of Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) Based
Wind Generator:

Lower cost

Durability

Simple structure

Possibility to cover a wide range of wind speed

Partially rated variable frequency ac/dc/ac converter

Lower switching loss

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DFIG based Wind Generator

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Power Converters of the DFIG

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Operating Principle
When a wound rotor induction machine (WRIM) works as a generator
and fed power from both stator and rotor side, it is termed as Doubly Fed
Induction generator (DFIG).
In DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid .
Two back-to-back connected voltage source converters (VSCs) are
placed between the rotor and the grid.
Nonlinear loads are connected at PCC.
The proposed DFIG works as an active filter in addition to the active
power generation similar to normal DFIG.
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Continued

Harmonics generated by the nonlinear load connected at the PCC distort

the PCC voltage.
These nonlinear load harmonic currents are mitigated by GSC control, so
that the stator and grid currents are harmonic-free.
RSC is controlled for achieving MPPT and also for making unity power
factor at the stator side using voltage-oriented reference frame.
Synchronous reference frame (SRF) control method is used for extracting
the fundamental component of load currents for the GSC control.
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System Configuration
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DFIG-BASED WECS
Selection Of Dc-link Voltage
Normally, the dc-link voltage of VSC must be greater than twice the peak
of maximum phase voltage.
The selection of dc-link voltage depends on both rotor voltage and PCC
voltage.
While considering from the rotor side, the rotor voltage is slip times the
stator voltage.
The stator to rotor turns ratio as 2:1.
Rotor voltage is always less than the PCC voltage .so, the design criteria
for selection of dc-link voltage can be achieved by considering only PCC
voltage.
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Continued
The PCC line voltage (vab) is 230V.
Therefore ,the dc-link voltage is estimated as
Vdc 22 Vab
3*m
Vab is the line voltage at the PCC.
The value of dc-link is estimated as 375V. Hence ,it is selected as
375V.
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Design of Interfacing Inductor

The design of interfacing inductors between GSC and PCC depends
upon allowable GSC current limit, dc-link voltage, and switching
frequency of GSC.
Maximum possible GSC line currents are used for the calculation.
Maximum line current depends upon the maximum power and the line
voltage at GSC.
The maximum possible power is 1.5kw and line voltage at GSC is 230V
the line current is obtained as
Igsc = 1.5 kW/(3 230) = 3.765 A.
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Continued
Considering the peak ripple current as 25% of rated GSC current, the
inductor value is calculated as
Li=3mvdc
12afigsc

= 3 1 375
12 1.5 10 000 0.25 3.76 = 3.8 mH.
Interfacing inductor between PCC and GSC is selected as4 mH
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Grid side converter controller

The simulated performance of this proposed DFIG is presented at a
10.6-m/s wind speed.
Reference speed of the DFIG is selected as 1750rpm.
The load currents are observed to be non-linear in nature. The GSC is
supplying required compensating currents to the load for making grid
currents (igabc) and stator currents (isabc) balanced and sinusoidal .
At above synchronous speed, the power flow is from the GSC to PCC.
Total power is sum of stator power and GSC power.
After feeding power to the load ,the remaining power is fed to the grid
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continued
The control of GSC for mitigating the harmonics produced by the
nonlinear loads.
GSC supplies the harmonics for making grid currents sinusoidal and
balanced.
These grid currents are calculated by subtracting the load currents from
the summation of stator currents and GSC currents.
Active power component of GSC current is obtained by processing the
dc-link voltage error(Vdce) between reference and estimated dc-link
voltage (Vdc* and Vdc) through PI controller as
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Continued

Igsc*(k) = Igsc*(k-1)+kpdc{vdce(k) -vdce(k-1)}+kidc vdc(k)

where kpdc and kidc are proportional and integral gains of dc-link voltage
controller.
Vdc (k) and vdc(k-1) are dc-link voltage errors at Kth and (k-1)th instants.
Igsc*(k) and Igsc*(k-1) are active power component of GSC current at kth
and (k-1)th instants.
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Continued
Active power component of stator current (ids) is obtained from the sensed
stator currents (isa, isb, and isc) using abc to dq ransformation as
ids = 2/3 [isa sin e + isb sin(e 2/3)+isc sin(e + 2/3)]
Direct axis component of reference grid current (igd) is obtained from the
direct axis current of stator current (ids) and load current (ild) in
synchronously rotating frame and the loss component of GSC current
(igsc) as
igd = i*gsc + ids ild.
Quadrature axis component of reference grid current (igq) is selected as
zero for not to draw any reactive power from grid.
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Continued
Reference grid currents (iga, igb, and igc) are calculated from the
direct and quadrature axis grid currents (igd, igq).
The hysteresis current controller is used to generate switching pulses for
the GSC.
The hysteresis controller is a feedback current control where sensed
current tracks the reference current within a hysteresis band (ihb).
At every sampling instant,the actual current (igabc) is compared to the
reference current(igabc) as
igabc = i*gabc igabc
.
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Simulink
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Grid Side Controller

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Stator Current
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FFT analysis for load current

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FFT Analysis For Grid Current

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Result
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References
1. S. S. Murthy, B. Singh, P. K. Goel, and S. K. Tiwari, A comparative study of fixed speed
and variable speed wind energy conversion systems feeding the grid, in Proc. IEEE Conf.
Power Electron. Drive Syst.(PEDS07), Nov. 2730, 2007, pp. 736743.
2. R. Datta and V. T. Ranganathan, Variable-speed wind power generation using doubly fed
wound rotor induction machineA comparison with alternative schemes, IEEE Trans.
Energy Convers., vol. 17, no. 3,pp. 414421, Sep. 2002.
3. E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield, B. Parsons, and A Ellis, Effect of variable speed wind
turbine generator on stability of a weak grid, IEEE Trans.Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 1,
pp. 2936, Mar. 2007.
4. M. Boutoubat, L. Mokrani, and M. Machmoum, Control of a wind energy conversion
system equipped by a DFIG for active power generation and power quality improvement,
Renew. Energy, vol. 50, pp. 378386, Feb. 2013.
5. B. Mohamed, L. Mokrani, and M. Machmoum, Full capability of harmonic current
mitigation for a wind energy system, Elect. Power Comp.Syst., vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 1743
1753, 2009.
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