Basic Principles of Hydraulics Symbols: Graham Spencer Festo Didactic 18.06.2017 1

Basic Principles of
Hydraulics
Symbols
Page 19
Graham Spencer Festo Didactic 18.06.2017 1
Symbols
Pumps
Fixed Displacement One direction of flow. Constant delivery for
constant speed
Variable Displacement One direction of flow. Variable delivery for

constant speed
Pressure compensated variable pump

One direction of flow, adjustable spring and
pump case drain.
Method of adjustment is shown on the
arrow
Directional of flow reversible. Variable
delivery for constant speed.
Hydraulic Energy Source

Page 21
(simplified representation)
Symbols
Drive units
M Electric Motor
M Engine
Motors
One direction of rotation.
Fixed Displacement
Constant shaft speed for
constant flow rate
Either direction of rotation, depending on

direction of flow. Constant shaft speed for
constant flow rate.
Variable Displacement Either direction of rotation.

Speed variable for constant
Page 22 flow.
Symbols
Semi rotary
actuator Limited rotary movement eg
1800
Pressure Intensifiers
Equipment to
transform a Single acting
pressure x in to
a pressure y
x y
Continuous
Page 22
Symbols
Actuators
Single Acting Returned by external force
Spring return
Vent
Telescopic Cylinder
Page 23
Symbols
Actuators
Double acting Forward and return stroke under power

Single piston rod.
Double acting Double ended piston rod
Cushioned Variable cushioning at both ends.
Page 23
Symbols
Directional
Control Valves A
2/2 way valve
Porting Two Way
Normally closed
(2 position) P
A
3/2 way valve
Three
Way Normally closed
P T
A B
4/2 way valve
Four Way
Changeover
P T
Page 24
Valve Description
Number of Ports 3
Page 24
Valve Description
Number of Ports 3
Number of
Control positions
Page 24
Valve Description
Number of Ports 3
Number of Control
positions
2
(Number of Boxes)
Page 24
Valve Description
Number of Ports 3
Number of Control
positions
2
(Number of Boxes)
Method Push
of Button
Operation
Page 24
Valve Description
Number of Ports 3
Number of Control
positions
2
(Number of Boxes)
Method Push
of Button
Operation
Method Spring
of Return
Page 24
Valve Description
Number of Ports 3
Number of
Control positions
2
(Number of Boxes)
Flow path Method Push

blocked when of Button
valve is at rest Operation
Method Spring
of Return
Flow path Normally closed Normally

open when or Normally open Closed
valve is at rest
Page 24
Symbols
Directional A B
Control Valves
Closed centre
P T
3 position valves
A B
Open
centre
P T
A B
Tandem centre
P T
Page 25
Symbols
Directional
Control Valves
A B
3 position valves Floating Centre
P T
A B
Regenerative Centre
P T
Page 25
Symbols
Methods of Operation General manual operation
Usually used to represent a manual
override
Lever operation
Foot Pedal operation
Push Button operation
Detent operation
Usually used with lever operation
Page 26
Symbols
Methods of Operation
Pilot operation
Roller operation
Spring operation
Usually used as a return or centring
function
Solenoid operation
Internal pilot or 2 stage

operation
Usually used with solenoid
operation
Page 26
Symbols
Non return valves
Opens if inlet pressure is

Free higher than outlet pressure
Spring loaded Opens if inlet pressure is higher

than outlet pressure plus spring
load
Pilot operated Can be opened to permit reverse

flow by means of pilot pressure
Page 27
Symbols
Pressure Controls
Single stage with internal drain

Pressure Relief
Valve
Also sometimes represented so
With external drain
Page 28
Symbols
Pressure Controls
Pressure Relief
Remote pilot control with
Valve
internal drain
Internally piloted or 2 stage

relief valve
Page 28
Symbols
Pressure Controls
A
Pressure Downstream pressure
Regulating Valves control Forward flow only
external drain
B
Downstream pressure control.

3 way pressure If outlet pressure exceeds set
regulating valve pressure, flow is diverted to
tank.
Page 29
Symbols
Pressure Controls
Pressure regulator with reverse

flow by-pass built in
Page 29
Symbols
Pressure Controls Comparison
Pressure Relief Pressure Regulator
Pressure
operation from A
inlet
Shown normally Pressure B Shown

closed operation from normally open
outlet
Valve is closed until the pressure at the Valve is open until the pressure at the
inlet is high enough to open it (set outlet is high enough to close it (set
pressure). Flow is then usually to tank. pressure). Flow is usually to cylinder or
other part of the circuit.
Symbols
Pressure Controls
Sequence Valves Maintains upstream pressure,

allows flow through to other
functions.
Maintains upstream pressure,

Two stage sequence allows flow through to other
valve functions.
External drain
Provides controlled backpressure

for load support.
Counterbalance valve
With built in by-pass
Page 30
Symbols
Flow
Controls
Non pressure Flow proportional to preset area times

compensated the square root of the pressure drop
across restrictor
Flow restricted in one direction only.
Page 31
Symbols
Flow
Controls Flow proportional to preset area
Pressure irrespective of valve pressure drop.
Compensated Direction of flow as indicated (non
reversible). Excess flow must find
alternative path.
Also sometimes
Pressure & Temperature Preset area automatically adjusts

Compensated to compensate for viscosity
changes
Bypass Regulator Excess flow bypassed internally
Page 31
Symbols
Flow
Controls
Input flow is divided to 2 flows of

Flow divider fixed ratio
Pressure compensated.
Page 31
Symbols
Proportional Valves Valve with 2 distinct operating
positions, fully open and fully closed,
and an infinite number of intermediate
positions.
4/3 directional control valve,

proportional.
3 distinct operating positions with closed
centre position and an infinite number of
intermediate positions.
Solenoid current is controlled through
proportional amplifier.
Servo valve
Controlled by a torque motor.
Direction of movement is dependent on
voltage polarity.
Amount of movement is dependent on
Page 32
magnitude of current.
Symbols
Modulating Control
Valves
More often referred to as Proportional Control Valves and usually solenoid operated.
With these valves there is a known relationship between the position of the spool and
the flow through the valve. Therefore flow (speed) can be controlled electronically
without the need for adjusting manual valves.
Full flow
Proportional Valve
Flow Conventional
Rate valve
Spool Travel
Symbols
Miscellaneous
Reservoirs Vented to atmosphere
Return line below fluid level
Return line above fluid level
Header tank
Page 33
Symbols
Miscellaneous
Conditioning Units
Filter or Strainer
Cooler
Water cooled
Heater
Page 33
Symbols
Miscellaneous
Pressure Gauge
Shut off valve
Accumulator
Gas type
Page 34
Hydraulic Formulae

Hydraulic Formula
Force (F) = Area (A) x Pressure (P)

Newtons (N) Square metres (sq. m) Pascals (Pa)
Pounds (lbf) Square inches (sq. in) Pounds/sq.in (psi)
Note:
* The pascal is a very small unit of pressure.
100 Kpa = 10N = 14.5 psi = 1 Bar

cm2
e.g. 5000KPa = 50 Bar = 725 psi
F = A x P P = F A = F
A P
-------------------------------------
Page 37
Hydraulic Formula
Flow Rate = Flow Velocity x Flow area

metres 3 / sec metres / second metres 2
Usually flow rate is given in Litres/minute and flow area given in cm2 or mm2 .
Care must be taken to ensure the correct multiples are used.
Eg. Calculate the cross sectional area required for the suction line of a pump
delivering
40 l/min with a maximum flow velocity of 1.2 m/s.
Area = Flow rate 40 l/min = 40/60 x 10-3 m3/s
Flow velocity
Area = 40 x 10 -3 m2
60 x 1.2
Area = 0.555 x 10 -3 m2 (Pipe bore of 26.6mm)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Volume of cylinder (base end) = Piston area x stroke length
Page 37 Volume of cylinder (rod end) = (Piston area - Rod area) x stroke
Graham Spencer
length Festo Didactic 18.06.2017 36
Hydraulic Formula
Work done = Force x distance moved
Force on a piston = Pressure x area of piston

So,
work done = Pressure x area x distance moved
Area x distance moved = Volume
So
Work done = Pressure x volume
Power is the rate of doing work or, work done per unit of time.
Volume per unit time is flow rate - m3/second
Page 38
Hydraulic Formula
So
Hydraulic power = Pressure x Flow rate
If pressure is in Pascals (N/m2) and the flow rate is in m3/second then
Hydraulic power = Pressure x Flow rate - (Nm/s) = Watts
It is usual to give flow rate in litres/minute and pressure in bars. To use

these units in the calculation the following conversion has to be made.
Hydraulic Power (kW) = Pressure (bar) x Flow rate

(l/min)
600
Page 38
1) If a system pressure of 3000 p.s.i acts on a piston area of 3 sq ins, (approx 2 ins
diameter) what force will be produced?
2) If a force of 10,000 lb is produced from a cylinder with a piston area of 2.5 sq ins, what is
the pressure build up in the system?
3) If a force of 15,000 Newtons is produced in a cylinder with a piston area of 20 sq cm,

what is the pressure build up in the system?
4) A cylinder with piston area 150 sq cm and stroke length of 400cm must fully extend in 15
seconds. What flow rate (in Litres/min) must the pump deliver to achieve this?
5) If a hydraulic pump is delivering a flow of 40 litres / min against a pressure of 150 bar,
what is the power consumption (in KW) at the pump?


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Basic Principles of

Variable Displacement One direction of flow. Variable delivery for

Pressure compensated variable pump

Hydraulic Energy Source

Either direction of rotation, depending on

Variable Displacement Either direction of rotation.

Single Acting Returned by external force

Double acting Forward and return stroke under power

Double acting Double ended piston rod

Cushioned Variable cushioning at both ends.

Flow path Method Push

Flow path Normally closed Normally

3 position valves Floating Centre

Foot Pedal operation

Push Button operation

Internal pilot or 2 stage

Opens if inlet pressure is

Spring loaded Opens if inlet pressure is higher

Pilot operated Can be opened to permit reverse

Single stage with internal drain

Also sometimes represented so

With external drain

Internally piloted or 2 stage

Downstream pressure control.

Pressure regulator with reverse

Pressure Relief Pressure Regulator

Shown normally Pressure B Shown

Sequence Valves Maintains upstream pressure,

Maintains upstream pressure,

Provides controlled backpressure

Non pressure Flow proportional to preset area times

Flow restricted in one direction only.

Pressure & Temperature Preset area automatically adjusts

Bypass Regulator Excess flow bypassed internally

Input flow is divided to 2 flows of

4/3 directional control valve,

Reservoirs Vented to atmosphere

Return line below fluid level

Return line above fluid level

Shut off valve

Graham Spencer Festo Didactic 18.06.2017 34

Force (F) = Area (A) x Pressure (P)

100 Kpa = 10N = 14.5 psi = 1 Bar

Flow Rate = Flow Velocity x Flow area

Volume of cylinder (base end) = Piston area x stroke length

Work done = Force x distance moved

Force on a piston = Pressure x area of piston

Area x distance moved = Volume

Volume per unit time is flow rate - m3/second

If pressure is in Pascals (N/m2) and the flow rate is in m3/second then

Hydraulic power = Pressure x Flow rate - (Nm/s) = Watts

It is usual to give flow rate in litres/minute and pressure in bars. To use

Hydraulic Power (kW) = Pressure (bar) x Flow rate

3) If a force of 15,000 Newtons is produced in a cylinder with a piston area of 20 sq cm,

Graham Spencer Festo Didactic 18.06.2017 40

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