Chapter 2:

Magnetics & Magnetism

Sub Topics:
Magnetic Field
Production of Magnetic Field
Magnetic Circuit
Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
Faradays Law
Hysteresis Loop & Eddy Current Loses
What is a Magnet?

What Materials are Magnetic?

What Materials are Magnetic?
What Do Magnets Do?
Attract or repel other magnets (exert a
force)

Attract other magnetic metals

Have at least 2 distinct ends (poles) each

Like poles repel, opposite poles attract

Notes:
Do not need to touch to exert force (can exert force through
empty space)
Can turn other magnetic metal objects into temporary
magnets
 What is a Force? Electric field of 2 like charges
Force is a push or pull that causes a
change in motion.

A Force Field is the pattern in space of

how that force is felt by other objects.

Fundamental Forces arise from

fundamental properties of matter:
Gravity arise from Mass:
mass attracts mass

Electric force arises from

Charge: two kinds of
charge (positive and
negative), like charges
repel and opposite
charges attract
Gravitational field
of a point of mass
Electric field of 2 opposite charges
 Magnetic Field
Magnetic field of a Bar
Magnet: 2 poles, called
North and South

Dipole field

Field has direction: lines

point away from N and
toward S

Definition of a Pole: Where lines meet

(converge)

e.g.: lines of longitude on a globe meet

at poles
Earth: A Huge Bar Magnet
Moving molten
iron in Earths
outer core
causes most of
Earths magnetic
field.

Magnetic field
poles are NOT
aligned with
geographic
poles. They also
wander and flip
(500,000 yrs between
flips, 10,000 yrs to
complete flip).
Production of a Magnetic Field
What is Amperes Law?
Basic law that governs the
production of a magnetic
field by a current.

Formula: = Inet
H = Magnetic field intensity
dl = differential element of length
along the path
Inet = Current measured in Amperes
 Based on the diagram shown above, it can be concluded that, the
integration of Amperes Law will lead to:

Hlc = Ni, where Ni = Inet

lc = mean path length of the core
Therefore,
H = Ni/Ic
What is Magnetic Field Intensity (H) ?
Sense of measure of the effort that a current is putting into establishment of
a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic flux produced in the core
depends on the material of the core. Therefore, this will lead to ???????
 B = *H

where, B = Magnetic field density (Tesla or T)

= Magnetic permeability of the material ( = o*r)
H = Magnetic Field Intensity (ampere/meter)
o = permeability of free space = 4 x 10-7 H/m
r = relative permeability
 Based on the Figure in Slide 8, the equation in Slide 10 can be rewritten as
B = *H = (*N*i)/lc

Therefore, the Total flux () (Webber or Wb) in a given area based on Figure
in Slide 8:

, where dA = differential area

Upon integration,
= B*A
Therefore, the total flux in the core based on Figure in Slide 8:
= B*A = (*N*i)*A/lc
Magnetic Circuits
Example 1:
A ferromagnetic core shown
has three sides of this core are
of uniform width , while
fourth side is thinner. The
depth of the core is 10 cm.
There is a 200 turn coil
wrapped around the left side
of the core. Assuming relative
permeability of 2500, how
much flux will be produced by
1 A input current?
Example 2:
Figure below shows a ferromagnetic
core whose mean path length is 40
cm. There is a small gap of 0.05 cm
in the structure of the otherwise
whole core. The cross-sectional area
of the core is 12 cm2, the relative
permeability of the core is 4000, and
the coil of wire on the core has 400
turns. Assume that fringing in the air
gap increase the effective cross-
sectional of the air gap by 5%, find
the total reluctance of the flux path
and the current required to produce
a flux density of 0.5 T in the air gap.
 Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials

The figures on the right shows

how does the application of
current from the magnetic
field intensity affects the
magnetic flux density & the
overall performance of the
magnet
Example 3:
Find the relative
permeability of the typical
ferromagnetic material
whose magnetization curve
is shown on the right at (a)
H = 50, (b) H = 100, (c)
H = 500, and (d) H
= 1000 A-turns/m.
Faradays Law: Induced Voltage
Definition: If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turn of wire that is directly proportional to the rate of change in
the flux with respect to time.

Where, eind = voltage induced in the turn of the coil & is

the flux passing through the turn

Quiz: What happens to the above equation if the flux is

passing through number a coil with N turns ?
Hysteresis & Eddy current losses

Eddy Current Losses