KULIAH VIII - IX

MEKANIKA FLUIDA II

Nazaruddin Sinaga

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 FLOW MEASUREMENT
Direct Methods
Examples: Accumulation in a Container; Positive
Displacement Flowmeter

Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows

Examples: Orifice Plate; Flow Nozzle; Venturi; Laminar
Flow Element
Definisi tekanan pada aliran di sekitar sayap
Flow Measurement
Linear Flow Meters
Examples: Float Meter
(Rotameter); Turbine;
Vortex; Electromagnetic;
Magnetic; Ultrasonic

Float-type variable-
area flow meter
 Flow Measurement
Linear Flow Meters
Examples: Float Meter (Rotameter); Turbine; Vortex;
Electromagnetic; Magnetic; Ultrasonic

Turbine flow meter

 Flow Measurement
Traversing Methods
Examples: Pitot (or Pitot Static) Tube; Laser Doppler
Anemometer
The measured stagnation pressure cannot of itself be used
to determine the fluid velocity (airspeed in aviation).

However, Bernoulli's equation states:

Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic

pressure

Which can also be written

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Solving that for velocity we get:

Note: The above equation applies only to incompressible fluid.

where:

V is fluid velocity;
pt is stagnation or total pressure;
ps is static pressure;
and is fluid density.

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The value for the pressure drop p2 p1 or p to h,
the reading on the manometer:

p = h(A-)g

Where:
A is the density of the fluid in the manometer
h is the manometer reading

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 EXTERNAL
INCOMPRESSIBLE
VISCOUS FLOW
 Main Topics
The Boundary-Layer Concept
Boundary-Layer Thickness
Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution
Momentum Integral Equation
Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow with Zero
Pressure Gradient
Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow
Drag
Lif
The Boundary-Layer Concept
The Boundary-Layer Concept
Boundary Layer Thickness
 Boundary Layer Thickness

Disturbance Thickness, where

Displacement Thickness, *

Momentum Thickness,
Boundary Layer Laws
 Laminar Flat-Plate
Boundary Layer: Exact Solution
Governing Equations
 Laminar Flat-Plate
Boundary Layer: Exact Solution

Boundary Conditions
 Laminar Flat-Plate
Boundary Layer: Exact Solution
Equations are Coupled, Nonlinear, Partial Differential
Equations
Blassius Solution:
Transform to single, higher-order, nonlinear, ordinary
differential equation
 Laminar Flat-Plate
Boundary Layer: Exact Solution
Results of Numerical Analysis
 Momentum Integral Equation

Provides Approximate Alternative to

Exact (Blassius) Solution
 Momentum Integral Equation
Equation is used to estimate the boundary-layer
thickness as a function of x:
1. Obtain a first approximation to the freestream velocity
distribution, U(x). The pressure in the boundary layer is
related to the freestream velocity, U(x), using the
Bernoulli equation
2. Assume a reasonable velocity-profile shape inside the
boundary layer
3. Derive an expression for w using the results obtained
from item 2
 Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow
with Zero Pressure Gradient
Simplify Momentum Integral Equation
(Item 1)

The Momentum Integral Equation becomes

 Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow
with Zero Pressure Gradient
Laminar Flow
Example: Assume a Polynomial Velocity Profile (Item 2)

The wall shear stress w is then (Item 3)

 Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow
with Zero Pressure Gradient
Laminar Flow Results
(Polynomial Velocity Profile)

Compare to Exact (Blassius) results!

 Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow
with Zero Pressure Gradient

Turbulent Flow
Example: 1/7-Power Law Profile (Item 2)
 Use of the Momentum Equation for Flow
with Zero Pressure Gradient

Turbulent Flow Results

(1/7-Power Law Profile)
Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow
 Drag
Drag Coefficient

with

or
 Drag

Pure Friction Drag: Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow

Pure Pressure Drag: Flat Plate Perpendicular to
the Flow
Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere
and Cylinder
Streamlining
 Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction
Drag

Boundary Layer can be 100% laminar,

partly laminar and partly turbulent, or
essentially 100% turbulent; hence
several different drag coefficients are
available
 Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: Friction
Drag (Continued)

Laminar BL:

Turbulent BL:

plus others for transitional flow

Drag Coefficient
 Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Perpendicular to the
Flow: Pressure Drag

Drag coefficients are usually obtained empirically

 Drag
Flow over a Flat Plate Perpendicular to the
Flow: Pressure Drag (Continued)
 Drag
Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and
Pressure Drag
 Drag
Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: Friction and
Pressure Drag (Continued)
 Streamlining
Used to Reduce Wake and Pressure Drag
 Lif
Mostly applies to Airfoils

Note: Based on planform area Ap

 Lif
Examples: NACA 23015; NACA 662-215
 Lif
Induced Drag
 Lif
Induced Drag (Continued)
Reduction in Effective Angle of Attack:

Finite Wing Drag Coefficient:

 Lif
Induced Drag (Continued)
 The End

Terima kasih

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