Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Octubre 2011
By Csar Angeles-Camacho
Instituto de Ingenieria, UNAM
cangelesc@ii.unam.mx
Lecturer: PhD. Csar Angeles-Camacho
Contact Details:
Instituto de Ingeniera, Edificio Bernardo Quintana
(12), Room 202 (Cord. De Elctrica y Computacin)
Telephone: 56-23-36-00 ext. 8810
Email: cangelesc@iingen.unam.mx
Areas of Expertise/Research
Modelling and Simulation of Large-scale Power Systems with FACTS
Equipment
a. Introduction.
c. Sizing.
The rapid growth of the solar photovoltaics (PV) industry has contributed to
the demand for small wind turbines, as the two technologies are often
market complements.
Hybrid electric systems combine wind and PV systems to make the most of
the area's seasonal wind and solar resources;
with wind relatively more available in winter months and at night
time,
and solar relatively more available in summer months and during
winter's sunlit days.
Introduction
Introduction
Both of these would have to be oversized to make their stand alone systems
completely reliable.
Various hybrid energy systems have been installed in many countries over
the last decade, resulting in the development of systems that can compete
with conventional, fuel based remote area power supplies in many
applications.
With the wide spread introduction of net-metering, the use of small isolated
or grid connected hybrid energy systems is expected to grow tremendously
in the near future, both in industrialized and developing countries.
Introduction
i. PV array,
ii. wind turbine,
iii. diesel generator,
And other componets like,
inverter, rectifier,
Battery bank. serve for the storage of the natural energies
controller,
and other accessory devices and cables.
Design and configuration of a wind-PV system
Various combinations of diesel generator, wind turbine, PV array, battery, and power
converter modules can be taken into account towards identifying an economically
viable solution that would meet the required load.
For commissioning a hybrid system it is initially assume that the site selected is
exposed to reasonable wind speeds as well as good solar irradiation.
This allowed for the design of a suitable hybrid power system that would meet the
demands of load at best.
Design and configuration of a wind-PV system
Climatic conditions determine the availability and magnitude of wind and solar
energy at particular site.
Pre-feasibility studies are based on weather data (wind speed, solar insolation) and
load requirements for specific site.
The collected data of the various energy sources is analysed in order to plan for the
structure of the system
Various feasibility and performance studies are reported to evaluate option of hybrid
PV/wind energy systems
Simulations and modelling were carried out over a period of time, allowing the
statistical information about local weather to be truly representative.
The recent state of art hybrid energy system technological development is the result
of activities in a number of research areas, such as
The task for the hybrid energy system controller is to control the
interaction of various system components and control power flow
within the system to provide a stable and reliable source of energy.
Sizing
After pre-feasibility study the selection of proper sizing of equipment is made based
on weather data and maximum capacity.
The unit sizing of integrated power system plays an important role in deciding the
reliability and economy of the system.
Open literature show wide Studies by the different researchers discussing different
methods to determining the wind generator capacity and the number of PV panels,
number and size of wind turbines and number and capacity of battery needed for
the stand-alone system.
Sizing
Using the measured data of solar and wind energy at a given location, research's
employ a simple graphical construction to determine the optimum configuration
of the two generators that satisfies the energy demand of the user throughout the
year.
Optimum size of hybrid PV/wind energy system can be calculated on an hourly basis
or on the basis of daily average power per month, the day of minimum PV power per
month, and the day of minimum wind power per month.
HOMER's optimization and sensitivity analysis algorithms allow the user to evaluate
the economic and technical feasibility of a large number of technology options and to
account for uncertainty in
technology costs,
energy resource availability,
and other variables
HOMER Optimization and Sensitivity analysis could be done with variables having a
range of values instead of a specific number.
PV module modelling
The complex physics of the PV cell can be represented by the equivalent electrical
circuit shown
The ideal equivalent circuit of a solar cell consists of a current source in parallel with
a diode.
The output terminals of the circuit
are connected to the load.
Internal resistance
Iph is equal to the light-generated current Ii
less the diode-current ID and the shunt-
leakage current Ip
P = V I watts.
The powervoltage (P
V) characteristic of a
photovoltaic module
operating at a standard
irradiance of 1000 W/m
and temperature of 25
C is show
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
Its then mandatory to connect PV modules in series and in parallel in order to scale-
up the voltage and current to tailor the PV array output. If a matrix of NsNp PV
modules is considered, the maximum power output of the PV system can be
calculated by:
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
Wind Turbine Performance Model: The wind turbine power output can be simulated
by:
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
The choice of diesel generator depends on type and nature of the load.
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
1. If the diesel generator is directly connected to load, then the rated capacity
of the generator must be at least equal to the maximum load,
2. If the diesel generator is used as a battery charger, then the current
produced by the generator should not be greater than CAh/5 A, (CAh is the
ampere hour capacity of the battery).
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
For the studied system, the diesel generator is started at times when
the battery SOC falls below a certain level (diesel generator starting
point), and then the diesel generator runs at full power (or at a rate not
exceeding the maximum current that batteries are capable of
absorbing) to charge the batteries with any surplus power until the
battery SOC reach the diesel generator stopping point.
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
i. The first and most commonly used model mainly focuses on the battery
state of charge (SOC).
ii. The second type of model is the voltage model, which is employed to model
the terminal voltage.
iii. The third type of model is the lifetime model used for assessing the
expected lifetime of the battery.
Optimization of Wind-PV-Diesel system
Based on Genetic Algorithm (GA), which has the ability to attain the global optimum
with relative computational simplicity,
GA as a sizing method for hybrid WG-PV-DG system can be used to calculate the
system optimum configuration that satisfies the load demand with minimum
annualized cost of system.
The decision variables included in the optimization process are the PV module
number, PV module slope angle, wind turbine number, wind turbine installation
height, battery number, diesel generator (DG) type, DG starting and stopping points.
Environmental impacts
For example, during the life cycle of a conventional Diesel Generator used in medium
size WG-PV-Diesel system, the diesel oil which will be consumed is 1,244,286.28 l
leading to about 3360 tonnes of CO2 released in the nature.
Environmental impacts
The mayor drawback with this scenario is there cycling of batteries at the end of their
life time.
In the case studied, over the life time of the system, for a total capacity of 41,037.5
Ah, it is 411 batteries of 100 Ah (12 V) which will be probably thrown in the nature.
Environmental impacts
From environmental point of view, from the present hybrid system, Diesel Generator
is the only released in the nature of CO2 gases during its operation, whereas the
hybrid system enabled to save CO2 emission compared to the sue of Diesel Generator
only.
It is also important to noted that in some countries batteries will be thrown in the
nature against zero battery released when considering the diesel generator only
system scenario.
Further more, if the diesel generator is fuelled by biofuels more tonnes of CO2
emission which will be saved.
Indeed, the use of pure biodiesel lowers the emission of CO2 by 80%.
Environmental impacts
We can conclude that from economic and environmental point of view, the hybrid
system Wind/PV/diesel presents many benefits compared to the Diesel Generation
only and the Wind or PV generator only.
However, this hybrid system design and management must be improved to bring the
energy more and more cheaper for remote areas.