GROUP 7 PBI 4B

SYNTAX
FINE AGHNIA RAHMAH
FITRI NURAINI YUSUF
NADHA NUUR ANNISA
SYNTAX = THE (STUDY OF THE) RULES OF
SENTENCE FORMATION
1. THE RULES THAT STATE HOW WORDS CAN BE
COMBINED INTO
SENTENCES.
THE DOG CHASED THE CAT. * DOG THE CAT
CHASED THE.

2. THE RULES THAT STATE HOW DIFFERENT

COMBINATIONS GIVE DIFFERENT
MEANINGS.
THE DOG CHASED THE CAT. THE CAT CHASED THE
DOG.
 WHAT ARE NOUNS?

A NOUN IS A WORD USED TO REPRESENT.

NOUN ARE OFTEN DESCRIBED AS BEING THE
NAME OF SOMETHING INCLUDING A
PERSON, A PLACE, A QUALITY, A THING, AN
OCCURRENCE, IDEA AND APPOSITIVE.
A PERSON (STUDENTS, MOTHER, BROTHER,
PEOPLE, ROBERT, ETC)
A PLACE (OFFICE, CHURCH, CITY, ETC)
A QUALITY (BEAUTY, HEIGHT, UNIQUENESS,
SPEED, COLOR, ETC)
A THING (CHAIR, HOUSE, AIR, MATH, LANGUAGE,
DREAM, ETC)
AN OCCURRENCE (ACCIDENT, JOURNEY, WAR,
PARTY, MEETING, TSUNAMI, ETC)
IDEA (LIBERALISM, PANCASILA, CHRISTIANITY,
CAPITALISM, ETC)
APPOSITIVE (PAINTER, NURSE, TEACHER)
 TYPES OF NOUN
ALL NOUNS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS.
COMMON NOUNS CAN THEN BE DIVIDED
INTO COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS.
BOTH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS CAN THEN BE FURTHER DIVIDED
INTO CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT NOUNS.
 PROPER NOUNS

PROPER NOUNS START WITH CAPITAL LETTERS.

THEY ARE THE NAMES OF PEOPLE, PLACES, TIMES,
ORGANISATIONS ETC.

THEY REFER TO UNIQUE INDIVIDUALS.

THEY OFTEN OCCUR IN PAIRS OR GROUPS.
FOR THE EXAMPLE: JAKARTA, GRAMEDIA
 COMMON NOUNS
ALL NOUNS WHICH ARE NOT PROPER
NOUNS ARE COMMON NOUNS.
A FEW EXAMPLES: CUP, ART, PAPER,
WORK, FROG, BICYCLE, ATOM, FAMILY,
MIND.
COMMON NOUNS ARE EITHER
COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE.
 COUNTABLE NOUNS

USE THESE TESTS FOR COUNTABLE NOUNS:

COUNTABLE (OR JUST COUNT) NOUNS CAN
BE MADE PLURAL: A TREE TWO TREES; A
MAN MEN; A PONY PONIES.
IN THE SINGULAR, THEY MAY HAVE THE
DETERMINER A OR AN: A SAUSAGE; AN
ASTERISK.
 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

USE THESE TESTS FOR UNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS:
UNCOUNTABLE (OR NON-COUNT) NOUNS
CANNOT BE MADE PLURAL. WE CANNOT SAY:
TWO FUNS, THREE ADVICES OR FIVE
FURNITURES.
WE NEVER USE A OR AN WITH THEM.
 CONCRETE NOUNS

CONCRETE NOUNS ARE THE WORDS THAT MOST

PEOPLE THINK OF AS NOUNS.
THEY ARE MOSTLY THE NAMES OF OBJECTS AND
ANIMALS (COUNTABLE) AND SUBSTANCES OR
MATERIALS (UNCOUNTABLE).
CAKE, OXYGEN, IRON, BOY, DOG, PEN, GLASS,
POMEGRANATE, EARTHWORM AND DOOR ARE ALL
CONCRETE NOUNS.
 ABSTRACT NOUNS
ABSTRACT NOUNS NAME IDEAS, FEELINGS AND
QUALITIES.
MOST, THOUGH NOT ALL, ARE UNCOUNTABLE.
MANY ARE DERIVED FROM ADJECTIVES AND VERBS
AND HAVE CHARACTERISTIC ENDINGS SUCH AS ITY,
-NESS, -ENCE, AND -TION.
THEY ARE HARDER TO RECOGNISE AS NOUNS THAN
THE CONCRETE VARIETY.
 VERB
VERB IS A WORD WHICH SERVES TO INDICATE THE ACTION OF
THE SUBJECT , SHOWING EVENTS ORCIRCUMSTANCES.
- TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERB
- REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERB
- ACTION & STATIVE VERB
- FINITE & NON-FINITE VERB
- LINKING VERB
- CAUSATIVE VERB
 ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES ARE SOMETIMES CALLED DESCRIBING WORDS IN
THAT, AS FAR AS MEANING IS CONCERNED, THEY DEFINE
ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS. THEY COMMONLY OCCUR WITH
NOUNS.

FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE MODIFYING A NOUN
-THE BOY IS HANDSOME
-THE CAT IS CUTE

ADJECTIVE MODIFYING A PRONOUN

-HE IS KIND MAN
-SHE IS DILIGENT GIRL
 TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
ARTICLES-THE, A-AN
EXAMPLE :
LETS GO ON AN ADVENTURE.
ID LIKE A GUAVA.
LET;S GO ON AN ADVENTURE. THE NIAGARA FALLS SOUNDS GOOD.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES-THIS, PLURAL THESE
THAT, PLURAL THOSE
EXAMPLE :
THIS BOOK IS VERY EXPENSIVE.
PLEASE PUT THOSE BISCUITS ON THE MAROON PLATE.
 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
FROM PRONOUNS- MY, YOUR, OUR, ETC
EXAMPLE : YOUR BOYFRIEND
FROM NOUNS- MARKS, THE BOYS, ETC
EXAMPLE : MARKS SHOES.
 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES
CARDINAL- FOUR, TWENTY-FIVE, ONE-HUNDRED, ETC
EXAMPLE :
HIS FATHER ALWAYS READS FOUR BOOKS A WEEK.
ORDINAL- FOURTH, FIFTH, TWENTY-FIFTH, ETC
EXAMPLE :
ANISA IS MY FIRST YOUNGER SISTER.
ADJECTIVES OF INDEFINITE QUANTITY-SOME, FEW, ALL, MORE, ETC
EXAMPLE :
THERE ARE SOME BANANAS IN THE FRUIT BOWL.
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES-WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH
EXAMPLE :
WHAT TIME SHOULD WE GO?
 ADVERB
AS FAR AS MEANING IS CONCERNED, ADVERBS OFTEN ADD
INFORMATION IN RELATION TO CIRCUMSTANCES OF MANNER, TIME,
OR PLACE; IN OTHER WORDS, THEY ANSWER THE QUESTIONS HOW?,
WHEN?, WHERE?.
EXAMPLE :
KEN SNORES LOUDLY.
THE BABY CRIED CONTINUALLY.
HE ADVERTISES NATIONALLY.
NOT ALL CIRCUMSTANCE ADVERBS END IN LY BUT VERY MANY, AS IN
THESE EXAMPLES, DO. THIS HELPS TO MAKE THEM FAIRLY EASY TO
SPOT. IN THIS EXAMPLE THE ADVERB IS SAID TO MODIFY THE VERB; IN
OTHER WORDS IT WORKS TO MORE NARROWLY DEFINE THE SENSE OF
THE VERB BY TELLING SOMETHING OF THE WAY IT IS DONE.
 FUNCTION OF ADVERBS

ADVERB AS MODIFIER OF A VERB

THE BOY THREW THE BALL QUICKLY.
ADVERB AS MODIFIER OF AN ADJECTIVE OR AN ADVERB
THE VERY SMALL BOY THREW THE BALL QUICKLY.
SHE SPEAKS REALLY FAST..
 TYPES OF ADVERB

ADVERB OF TIME
EXAMPLE :
WE SUBMITTED THE REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE YESTERDAY.

ADVERB OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

EXAMPLE :
SHE IS WATCHING THE MOVIE THERE.

ADVERB OF MANNER
EXAMPLE :
THE BELL RANG AUTOMATICALLY.
 ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
EXAMPLE :
I OFTEN WEAR HAND BAG.

ADVERB OF DEGREE
EXAMPLE :
ANITA REALLY ENJOYS COOKING.