Transformacion de Esfuerzos-Im

Facultad de Ingeniera
Departamento de Ingeniera Mecnica

Resistencia de Materiales
UNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLANTICO

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERA MECNICA
TRANSFORMACION DE
ESFUERZO
Docente:
Milton Fabin Coba Salcedo
Ingeniero Mecnico, PhD.
FACULTAD DE
INGENIERIA MECANICA 1
INGENIERIA
INTRODUCCION
The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
x , y , z normal stresses
xy , yz , zx shearing stresses
(Note : xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )
Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.
INTRODUCCION
Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of

the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
x , y , xy and z zx zy 0.
State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.
State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.
TRANSFORMACION DE ESFUERZO PLANO

Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x axes.
Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin
y A sin sin xy A sin cos
Fy 0 xy A x A cos sin xy A cos cos
y A sin cos xy A sin sin
The equations may be rewritten to yield

x + y x y
x = + cos 2 + xy sin 2
2 2
x + y x y
y = cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2
x y
xy = sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
ESFUERZO PRINCIPAL
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
x ave 2 x2y R 2
where
2
x y x y 2
ave R xy
2 2
Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
x y x y 2
max, min xy
2 2
2 xy
tan 2 p
x y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
MAXIMO ESFUERZO CORTANTE
Maximum shearing stress occurs for x ave
2
x y 2
max R xy
2
x y
tan 2 s
2 xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o
x y
ave
2
EJEMPLO 1.
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p
x y
Determine the principal stresses from
2
x y x y
2
For the state of plane stress shown, max, min xy
determine (a) the principal panes, 2 2
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
maximum shearing stress and the 2
corresponding normal stress. x y 2
max xy
2
x y

2
EJEMPLO 1.
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40
tan 2 p 1.333
x y 50 10
2 p 53.1, 233.1
x 50 MPa xy 40 MPa p 26.6, 116 .6
x 10 MPa
Determine the principal stresses from
2
x y x y 2
max, min xy
2 2
20 30 2 40 2
max 70 MPa
min 30 MPa
EJEMPLO 1.
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

2
x y 2
max xy
2
30 2 40 2
x 50 MPa xy 40 MPa max 50 MPa
x 10 MPa s p 45
s 18.4, 71.6
The corresponding normal stress is

x y 50 10
ave
2 2
20 MPa
EJEMPLO 2.
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
Determine the principal planes and
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb calculate the principal stresses.
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
EJEMPLO 2.
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P 150 lb
T 150 lb 18 in 2.7 kip in
M x 150 lb 10 in 1.5 kip in
Evaluate the normal and shearing

stresses at H.
y
Mc

1.5 kip in 0.6 in
I 1 0.6 in 4
4
xy
Tc

2.7 kip in 0.6 in
J 1 0.6 in 4
2
x 0 y 8.84 ksi y 7.96 ksi

EJEMPLO 2.
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 2 7.96
tan 2 p 1.8
x y 0 8.84
2 p 61.0,119
p 30.5, 59.5
2
x y x y 2
max, min xy
2 2
2
0 8.84 0 8.84
7.96 2
2 2
max 13.52 ksi
min 4.68 ksi
CIRCULO DE MOHR EN ESFUERZO PLANO

With the physical significance of Mohrs
circle for plane stress established, it may be
applied with simple geometric considerations.
Critical values are estimated graphically or
For a known state of plane stress x , y , xy
calculated.
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
x y x y 2
ave R xy
2 2
The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

max, min ave R
2 xy
tan 2 p
x y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.

With Mohrs circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
For the state of stress at an angle with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates XY.

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:
P P
x , y xy 0 x y xy
A 2A
Mohrs circle for torsional loading:
Tc Tc
x y 0 xy x y xy 0
J J
EJEMPLO 3.
For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohrs circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum Construction of Mohrs circle
shearing stress and the corresponding
ave
x y

50 10 20 MPa
normal stress.
2 2
CF 50 20 30 MPa FX 40 MPa
R CX 30 2 40 2 50 MPa
EJEMPLO 3.
Principal planes and stresses
max OA OC CA 20 50
max 70 MPa
max OB OC BC 20 50
max 30 MPa
FX 40
tan 2 p
CP 30
2 p 53.1
p 26.6
EJEMPLO 3.
Maximum shear stress
s p 45 max R ave
s 71.6 max 50 MPa 20 MPa
EJEMPLO 4.
For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise Construct Mohrs circle
through 30 degrees. x y 100 60
ave 80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2 FX 2 20 2 48 2 52 MPa
EJEMPLO 4.
Principal planes and stresses

XF 48 max OA OC CA max OA OC BC
tan 2 p 2.4
CF 20 80 52 80 52
2 p 67.4 max 132 MPa min 28 MPa
p 33.7 clockwise
EJEMPLO 4.
180 60 67.4 52.6

x OK OC KC 80 52 cos 52.6
Stress components after rotation by 30o y OL OC CL 80 52 cos 52.6
Points X and Y on Mohrs circle that xy KX 52 sin 52.6
correspond to stress components on the x 48.4 MPa
rotated element are obtained by y 111 .6 MPa
rotating XY counterclockwise through
2 60
xy 41.3 MPa
APLICACIN DEL CIRCULO DE MOHR PARA ANALISIS

DE ESFUERZO TRIDIMENSIONAL
Transformation of stress for an element The three circles represent the

rotated around a principal axis may be normal and shearing stresses for
represented by Mohrs circle. rotation around each principal axis.
Points A, B, and C represent the Radius of the largest circle yields the
principal stresses on the principal maximum shearing stress.
planes (shearing stress is zero) 1
max max min
2

In the case of plane stress, the axis
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
a) the corresponding principal stresses
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum in-
plane shearing stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
are at 45o to the principal planes.

If A and B are on the same side of the
origin (i.e., have the same sign), then
a) the circle defining maxminand

max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations
within the plane of stress
b) maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to half of the
maximum stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress are
at 45 degrees to the plane of stress
ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS
Prismatic beam subjected to transverse

loading
My Mc
x m
I I
VQ VQ
xy m
It It
Can the maximum normal stress within

the cross-section be larger than
Mc
m
I

Cross-section shape results in large values of xy

near the surface where x is also large.
max may be greater than m

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS - EJEMPLO
If power is transferred to and from the

shaft by gears or sprocket wheels, the
shaft is subjected to transverse loading
as well as shear loading.
Normal stresses due to transverse loads

may be large and should be included in
determination of maximum shearing
stress.
Shearing stresses due to transverse

loads are usually small and
contribution to maximum shear stress
may be neglected.

At any section,
Mc
m where M 2 M y2 M z2
I
Tc
m
J
Maximum shearing stress,
2 2 2

max m m 2

Mc

Tc

2 2I J
for a circular or annular cross - section, 2 I J
c
max M2 T2
J
Shaft section requirement,

M 2 T 2
J max

c min all

SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and
corresponding tangential forces.
Find reactions at A and B.
Identify critical shaft section from

torque and bending moment diagrams.
Solid shaft rotates at 480 rpm and
Calculate minimum allowable shaft
transmits 30 kW from the motor to
diameter.
gears G and H; 20 kW is taken off at
gear G and 10 kW at gear H.
Knowing that all = 50 MPa, determine
the smallest permissible diameter for
the shaft.
Wish to determine stresses in slender

structural members subjected to
arbitrary loadings.
Pass section through points of interest.

Determine force-couple system at
centroid of section required to maintain
equilibrium.
System of internal forces consist of

three force components and three
couple vectors.
Determine stress distribution by

applying the superposition principle.
ESFUERZO BAJO CARGAS COMBINADAS
Axial force and in-plane couple vectors

contribute to normal stress distribution
in the section.
Shear force components and twisting

couple contribute to shearing stress
distribution in the section.
ESFUERZO BAJO CARGAS COMBINADAS

Normal and shearing stresses are used to
determine principal stresses, maximum
shearing stress and orientation of principal
planes.
Analysis is valid only to extent that

conditions of applicability of superposition
principle and Saint-Venants principle are
met.

Transformacion de Esfuerzos-Im

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Facultad de Ingeniera

Departamento de Ingeniera Mecnica

UNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLANTICO

Same state of stress is represented by a

The first part of the chapter is concerned with

Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of

State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

TRANSFORMACION DE ESFUERZO PLANO

The equations may be rewritten to yield

MAXIMO ESFUERZO CORTANTE

Maximum shearing stress occurs for x ave

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

The corresponding normal stress is

Evaluate the normal and shearing

x 0 y 8.84 ksi y 7.96 ksi

CIRCULO DE MOHR EN ESFUERZO PLANO

The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

CIRCULO DE MOHR EN ESFUERZO PLANO

For the state of stress at an angle with

Normal and shear stresses are obtained

CIRCULO DE MOHR EN ESFUERZO PLANO

For the state of plane stress shown,

Maximum shear stress

For the state of stress shown,

Principal planes and stresses

180 60 67.4 52.6

APLICACIN DEL CIRCULO DE MOHR PARA ANALISIS

Transformation of stress for an element The three circles represent the

APLICACIN DEL CIRCULO DE MOHR PARA ANALISIS

APLICACIN DEL CIRCULO DE MOHR PARA ANALISIS

a) the circle defining maxminand

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS

Prismatic beam subjected to transverse

Can the maximum normal stress within

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS

Cross-section shape results in large values of xy

max may be greater than m

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS - EJEMPLO

If power is transferred to and from the

Normal stresses due to transverse loads

Shearing stresses due to transverse

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS - EJEMPLO

Shaft section requirement,

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS - EJEMPLO

Find reactions at A and B.

Identify critical shaft section from

ESFUERZO PRINCIPALES EN VIGAS - EJEMPLO

Wish to determine stresses in slender

Pass section through points of interest.

System of internal forces consist of

Determine stress distribution by

ESFUERZO BAJO CARGAS COMBINADAS

Axial force and in-plane couple vectors

Shear force components and twisting

ESFUERZO BAJO CARGAS COMBINADAS

Analysis is valid only to extent that

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