Cell Types

Cell Types
A.Prokaryotes:
Bacteria & Archae
Have no nucleus or
membrane-bound
organelles.
Outside: flagella or pilli
Enclosing: envelope cell
wall
Inside: - Cell genome
(circular molecule)
- Extrachromosomal
DNA (plasmid)
- 50S+30S ribosome
RNA/protein synthesis
coupled in cytoplasm
 Structure External to the Cell Wall
FLAGELLA
Flagella are relatively long
filamentous appendages
consisting of a filament, hook
and basal body
Prokaryotic flagella rotate to
push the cell, facilitate
movement and
communication between cells.
Flagellar (H) protein functions
as an antigen flagellin
 Structure External to the Cell Wall
FIMBRIAE (PILI)
Many Gram negative bacteria possess
rigid surface appendages,shorter and
thinner than flagella called pili or
fimbriae
They are composed of structural protein
subunits termed pilins
Minor protein located at the tips of pili, are
responsible for the attachment properties
Two classes can be distinguished :
ordinary pili, which play a role in the
adherence of symbiotic and pathogenic
bacteria to host cells, and sex pili, which
are responsible for the attachment of
donor and recipient cells in bacterial
conjugation
 The Cell Wall
Gram-positive cell walls consist of
many layers of peptidoglycan and
also contain teichoic acids
Gram-negative bacteria have a
lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotein-
phospholipid outer membrane
surounding a thin peptidoglycan
layer
The outer membrane protects the
cell from phagocytosis and from
penicillin, lysozyme and other
chemicals
Porins are proteins that permit
small molecules to pass through the
outer membrane.
The lipopolysaccharide consists of
sugar (O polysaccharides) that
function as antigens and lipid A,
which is an endotoxin
 Cell Types
. Eukaryotes: contains membrane
bound nucleus and organelles.
Nucleus contain DNA (linear
molecule with histone protein)
Some eukaryotic organelles such as
mitochondria contain some
DNA

RNA synthesis inside the nucleus

Protein synthesis in cytoplasm

Protist, fungi, plant, animal

 Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotes:
no membrane-bound nucleus
transcription and translation
are coupled
Eukaryotes:
DNA is located in membrane-
bound nucleus
Transcription and translation are
separated in space and time
THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN PROKARYOTES
AND
EUKARYOTES
 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES

Organelle PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

Endomembrane - +
Nuclear membrane - +
Mitochondria/Chloroplas - +
t
Golgi Apparatus - +
Endoplasmic Reticulum - +
Binary fission (simple Mitosis (fission or budding)
Cell division
division) Meiosis
 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Typical organism bacteria Protist, fungi, plants,
animals
Typical size ~1-10 m ~10-100 m

Type of nucleus Nucleoid region; no Real nucleus with

real nucleus double membrane
DNA Circular (usually) Linear molecules

RNA-/protein Coupled in RNA_synth inside

synthesis cytoplasm the nucleus; protein
synth in cytoplasm
ribosomes 50S + 30 S (70S) 60S + 40S (80S)
Eukaryotic Cell Types : Animal vs.
Plant
 Cell Types : Animal vs. Plant
1. Plant cells have chloroplasts
2. Plant cells have a cell wall
3. Plant cells have a large central vacuole
4. Animal cells have more lysosomes and vesicles
 Cell Organelles
Organelle= little organ
Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
All the stuff in between
the organelles is cytosol
that contain thousands
of enzymes .
Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
Cell Anatomy
Cell membrane
The outer layer of animal cells,
found inside cell walls (if wall is
present)
Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
outside boundary
gives shape and flexibility
semi-permeable
made of lipids in 2 layers/
Phosoplipid bilayer
Protect cytoplasm & nucleus
 A membrane around the cell is
necessary for many reasons
Cell recognition and attachment
involves membranes
Many metabolic functions, such as
oxidative phosphorylation, are
organized around membranes
Signal systems for cell regulation are
based upon membranes
 Cell Membrane
1. Integral membrane protein
to active transport.
2. Trans-membrane protein/
peripheral protein

Phospolipid

Protein Transmembran

Transport zat
Protein tertanam pd lap lipid protein
transmembrane
Protein yg mengapung diantara lipid
protein integral
Proteins yg tdpt pd bag luar lipid bilayer
peripheral
 Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains DNA
Surrounded by a double
membrane
Usually the easiest
organelle to see under a
microscope
Contains DNA
found on chromatin
strands
Materials pass in and
out through the
nuclear membrane
 Fungsi nukleus

Menyimpan gen pada kromosom

Mengatur gen dlm kromosom dlm proses pembelahan sel

Mentransport faktor regulasi & produk gen melewati pori inti

Menghasilkan pesan (mRNA) yang mengkode protein

Menghasilkan ribosom dalam nukleus

Mengatur DNA uncoiling dlm replikasi gen

 Nukleolus (anak inti)

Tdpt 1 / lebih, tdpt di dlm nukleus

Bbtk sferik sbg massa granul &

fiber yg pekat

Merupakan tempat kromosom dg

banyak kopi gen yg diperlukan utk
sintesis ribosom, RNA & protein.
Pd sel sehat dihasilkan 10.000
ribosom per menit.
 Ribosome Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol

Site of protein
synthesis
Produced in a part of
the nucleus called
 Ribosom

Pabrik utk sintesis protein

Dibangun dr molekul2 protein & rRNA

Pd sel prokariot, ribosom tdpt bebas dlm sitosol. Dlm sel

eukariot ribosom tdpt bebas di sitosol, matriks
mitokondria, stroma kloroplas, atau menempel pd
permukaan selaput RE

RE kasar adl RE yg dilekati bnyk ribosom, RE halus

tidak mengandung ribosom
 Ribosom

Ribosom tdr atas 2 bag tdk sama

besar

Ukuran ribosom ditentukan dg

analisis sedimentasi dg mengukur
laju pengendapan dlm larutan
kental (mis sukrosa) dg pemusingan
kecepatan tinggi.

Koefisien sedimentasi ditentukan dg

S (Svedberg) nama penemu
ultracentrifuge
 Ribosom

Ribosom prokariot tdr atas sub unit besar 50S & sub unit
kecil 30S

Ribosom eukariot tdr atas sub unit besar 60S & sub unit
kecil 40S

Ribosom mitokondria & kloroplas juga tdr atas 2 sub

unit. Ribosom mitokondria bervariasi dr ukuran 55S pd
hewan sampai 80S pd bbrp protozoa & jamur. Ribosom
kloroplas adalah 70S pd semua sel hijau
 Peranan ribosom dlm sintesis protein :
Sub unit kecil mengikat mRNA & tRNA
Sub unit besar berperan dlm pbtk ikatan peptida
Mitochondria Rod-shaped
Create energy for the cell from food
Converts the chemical energy
stored in food into compounds more
convenient for the cell to use.
Tempat respirasi seluler proses
katabolik yg menghasilkan ATP dg
mengekstraksi energi dari gula,
lemak dan bahan bakar lain dgn
bantuan oksigen.
Bukan bagian dari sistem
endomembran
Memiliki ribosom dan DNA dlm
jumlah sedikit. DNA inilah yg
memprogram sintesis protein yg
dibuat dlm ribosomnya sendiri
 The Mitochondrial

Most of our body s nucleated cells contain 500 to

2000 mitochondria
In the cone cell photoreceptors of the eye,
mitochondria make up 80% of the intracellular
volume.
In extra-ocular muscles, they account for 60%,
and in heart muscle they comprise 40% of the
volume of the cell.
Nerve cells in the brain and muscles require a
great deal of energy, and thus appear to be
particularly damaged when mitochondrial
dysfunction occurs.
 The Mitochondrial Chromosome
Mitochondria consist of 2 10 mtDNA
Egg cytoplasma 200.000 300.000 mtDNA increase
during oogenesis
mtDNA was found to vary according to cell type
Low in platelets (Platelets have only two to six
mitochondria).
Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria
Highest in brain, liver, kidney