Electricity and

Magnetism
A P R E SE N TATI O N : PR A SA N N A
V E N KAT E SA N
ELECTRICITY
 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

The potential difference between two points A and B is

the work done per unit charge in taking a charge from B
to A.
We express this mathematically as

V = VA VB = W/q

Here V is the potential difference between A and B,

VA and VB are the potentials at these points.
Quite often, the potential at infinity is chosen as zero.
The unit of Potential difference is volt.
Potential difference causes the charges to flow.
 ELECTRIC CURRENT

A flow of charge is called an electric current.

The charge passing per unit time through a given place
is the magnitude of the electric current at that place.
Mathematically,
i=Q/t
SI unit of current is Ampere (Coulomb per sec)
Conventionally direction opposite to the flow of
electrons is taken as direction of flow of current.
 OHMS LAW

If a potential difference is applied to an element and a

current i passes through it,
iV
or i = V/R
Here 1/R is the constant of proportionality and R is
called the Resistance and can be found out by the
given equation below.
R=l/A
Here is called resistivity and it is constant for a
given material.
MAGNETS
 MAGNET AND MAGNETISM
Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are
mediated by magnetic fields.
A magnet (from Greek magntis lthos, "Magnesian
stone") is a material or object that produces a magnetic
field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for
the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls
on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and
attracts or repels other magnets.
Materials which retain their magnetism for a long time
and are difficult to demagnetize are called Hard
Magnetic materials.
Materials which become magnetized in a magnetic field,
but loses its magnetism once the field is removed are
called Soft Magnetic materials.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents
and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given
point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or
strength); as such it is a vector field.
In SI units, B is measured in teslas.
Magnetic Field of a bar magnet is visually represented
below :-
MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC CURRENT
A magnet is not only the thing that produces
magnetic field. An electric current in a
conductor also produces a magnetic field.
This was first observed in 1820 by the Danish
physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851).
The direction of magnetic field is given by
Maxwells Right-hand Thumb rule.
Assume that the current carrying conductor is
held in right hand, so that the fingers wrap
around the conductor and the thumb is
stretched. If the thumb is along the direction of
current, wrapped fingers will show the direction
of circular magnetic field lines.
 ELECTROMAGNETS
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in
which the magnetic field is produced by
an electric current.
The magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned off.
Electromagnets usually consist of a large
number of closely spaced turns of wire
that create the magnetic field.
The wire turns are often wound around a
magnetic core made from a
ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material
such as iron.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The phenomenon in which an electric

current is induced in a circuit because of
changing magnetic field is called
electromagnetic induction.
It is described mathematically by Faraday's
law of induction, named after Michael
Faraday, who is generally credited with the
discovery of induction in 1831.
The direction of induced current is given by
Flemings Right-hand Rule.
 WORKING OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through
conducting brush X and flows back to the battery through brush Y.
Notice that the current in arm AB of the coil flows from A to B. In
arm CD it flows from C to D, that is, opposite to the direction of
current through arm AB. On applying Flemings left hand rule for
the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a
magnetic field (see Fig. 13.13). We find that the force acting on
arm AB pushes it downwards while the force acting on arm CD
pushes it upwards. Thus the coil and the axle O, mounted free to
turn about an axis, rotate anti-clockwise. At half rotation, Q makes
contact with the brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore the current
in the coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA. A device
that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit is
called a commutator. In electric motors, the split ring acts as a
commutator. The reversal of current also reverses the direction of
force acting on the two arms AB and CD. Thus the arm AB of the
coil that was earlier pushed down is now pushed up and the arm
CD previously pushed up is now pushed down. Therefore the coil
and the axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The
reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving
rise to a continuous rotation of the coil and to the axle.
 INVERTER
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that
changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by
the DC source.
The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is usually the
same as standard power line frequency, 50 or 60 hertz.
The AC output voltage of a power inverter device is often the same as
the standard power line voltage, such as household 120 VAC or 240
VAC.
 GENERATOR
A generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy
for use in an external circuit.
The source of mechanical energy may
vary widely from a hand crank to an
internal combustion engine.
Generators provide nearly all of the
power for electric power grids.
The dynamo was the first electrical
generator capable of delivering power
for industry. The dynamo uses
electromagnetic induction to convert
mechanical rotation into direct current
through the use of a commutator.
 ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES
DON'T plug a bunch of stuff into one outlet or extension cord.
DONT yank an electrical cord from the wall.
DO make sure all electric cords are tucked away, neat and tidy.
DO keep electrical stuff far away from water.
If you cant turn the appliance off safely, use something that wont conductelectricity to free the
shock victim from the electric current.
Replace or repair damaged electricalappliances, that may have frayed cords,cracked housing, or
broken plugs.
Turn off power points and applianceswhen youre not using them, or if youreleaving home.
Make sure your appliances haveadequate breathing space so they dontoverheat.
Stay safe around power lines bykeeping ladders, boat masts and polesclear of overhead wires.
Also keepplants and trees trimmed and awayfrom power lines.
Be careful when youre using electricalappliances or extension cords near wetareas like sinks,
bathrooms andswimming pools.
Surge protectors help prevent damage to appliances inyour home that are caused by power
surges.
Every home should have smoke alarms installed.
If you have children, pick up some safety plugs orpower point covers.
THANK
YOU