VIDEO

MMM1023
TOPIC OUTLINE
What is digital video.
How digital video is process and stored.

How to create and edit digital video.

Digital video file format.

How to use digital video in multimedia

product.
VIDEO
Video is an excellent tool for delivering
multimedia.
Video places the highest performance
demands on a computer and its memory
and storage.
Digital video has replaced analog as the
method of choice for making and
delivering video for multimedia.
VIDEO
A moving pictures.
Live Video Feeds
Common form are

Provide real-time
movies and TV.
video transmission
Videotape
Capture content VISCA (Video
System Control
from movies and Architecture) allows
TV to be used in video to be computer
controlled
multimedia Videodisc

product.
CAV and CLV
Digital Video
Stored in digital form
VIDEO
DVD
Digital Versatile Disk
Uses MPEG-2 format
Holds up to 17 GB of data
Backward-compatibility allows playing of
CDs
HD-DVD; High definition DVD
Blu-ray (BD)
Refer to blue laser used to read the disc
Can hold up to 128GB on quadruple layer
ANALOG VIDEO
An electrical signal, visual information is
recorded by changes in signal amplitude.
Stored using television signals, film,
videotape or others non-computer media.
It is important because it defines where
the digital content will come from and
what will be required for the computer to
access it.
To appreciate the capabilities of digital
video.
 How Video Works (continued)

Analog video
Video is recorded onto magnetic tapes.
Video frames are interlaced.
TYPE OF ANALOG VIDEO
In an analog video signal, each frame of
the video is represented by a fluctuating
voltage signal known as an analog wave
form refer to as composite video.
It contain brightness, color and (sync)
synchronization combined into 1 signal.
Compositing results in color bleeding, low
clarity and high generational loss.
ANALOG VIDEO
REPRESENTATION

Frame Rate:
Number of frames per second produced
by a video signal
Common rates are 25-75KHz (fps).
Low frame rates flicker and motion blurs
and is jerky.
ANALOG VIDEO
REPRESENTATION
Number of Scan Line
Video format divide frames into scan
lines each frame has the same number
of scan lines.
Video scan rate is the number of lines
scanned per second ( frame rate X scan
line per frame)
Aspect ratio :
- Ratio of width of video image to
height, current broadcast format are 4:3
ANALOG VIDEO
REPRESENTATION
Interlacing :
Low frame rates produce flicker.
Flicker can be reduce by interlacing,
frames are divided into 2 fields, 1
contain odd number scan line and other
the even.
During display entire 1st field is drawn
then entire 2nd field, result : display
appears to refresh at twice the original
frame rate.
Form interlacing 2:1.
COMPOSITE/ANALOG VIDEO
FORMAT FOR TV
NTSC (National Television Standard
Committee).
PAL (Phase Alternate Line)
SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory
Sequential Couleur avec Memoire).
HDTV.
NTSC (NATIONAL
TELEVISION STANDARD
COMMITTEE).
Used in USA and Japan for transmission
video.
Known also as Never The Same Color.

Consists 525 scan lines drawn every

1/30th second (30Hz) on screen with 4:3
aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio is the comparison of width to
height for a viewing area.
PAL (PHASE ALTERNATE LINE)
Used in UK, Europe, Australia and South
Africa.
An integrated method to adding color to a
black and white TV signal.
Consists of 625 scan lines drawn every
1/25 second.
Interlaced at 50 cycles per second (50Hz).
SECAM (SEQUENTIAL COLOR WITH
MEMORY) (SEQUENTIAL COULEUR AVEC
MEMOIRE)

Format used in France, Russia.

Uses 625 scan lines.

Interlaced at 50 cycles per second (50Hz).

Differ than NTSC and PAL in its basic

tech and broadcast method.
HDTV (HIGH DEFINITION
TELEVISION)
Based on 1,080 scan lines by 1920 pixel (at
24,30,60 Hz) and 720 lines by 1280 pixels
same rates with 16:9 aspect ratio.
The aspect ratio allow the viewing of
cinemascope and panavision movie.
It provide a significant improvement in
both image and color quality.
Broadcast industry used 1920 X 1080
interlaced format, computer industry use
1280 X 720 progressive scan system for
HDTV.
 COMPONENT VIDEO
More advanced than composite video.
Takes different components of video such
as color, brightness and sync, breaks them
into separate signals.
Component video format S-VHS and RGB.
 COMPONENT VIDEO
S-VHS : is based on storing color and
luminance (brightness) information on 2
separate tracks.
RGB : stores video on separate channels
for red, green and blue color component.
Its also have problem in quality loss from
1 generation to next.
SOURCE OF DIGITAL VIDEO
Recording of live action.
Series of graphic images played in rapid
succession similar to cartoon.
Still images taken from film, videotape or
live action.
 DIGITAL VIDEO
Solve generation loss because its digital
representation of the analog video signal.
D-1 : highest quality of digital video, based

on 4 component channels, red, green, blue

and luminance stored on 19mm tape.
D-2 : 2 channels composite video signal

based on color and luminance that cheaper

than D-1.
Digital BetaCam-adds 4 channels of audio

to D-1 format.
 Digital video
The output is digitized by the camera into a
sequence of single frames.
The video and audio data are compressed before
being written to a tape or digitally stored.
 Digital video (continued)
Multiple HDTV formats exist.
Resolutions and frame rates vary.
The aspect ratio of HDTV is 16:9.
COMPUTER BASED DIGITAL
VIDEO
Advantages:
The ability to randomly access the video
The ability to compress the video.
Thediagram shows how the desktop
can be used to capture video and
transform into digital format:
Video overlay board accepts video and
places it over computer display image by
mapping it to the image in the display
adapter.
Video Capture Technology
Desktop
Video capture hardware
Computer options
Video overlay-
converts video into
digital signal Video source
Graphics camera, VCR
adapter Video capture-
and converts video into
display digital signal
(monitor)
Compression hardware-
compresses digital video
data

Compressed digital video

Computer storage
(hard disk)
COMPUTER BASED DIGITAL
VIDEO-CONT
Video capture board is able to
accept and convert analog video to
digital at 1 to 24 bit quality up to
30 frames per second.
Compression hardware or circuitry
on video capture boards that
compress digital video in real time.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DIGITAL VIDEO
A frame is a single image in a video
sequence and is the same as single
cell of movie film.
3 basic characteristics:
Frame Rate:
Number of images displayed within a
specified amount of time to convey a sense of
motion.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL
VIDEO-CONT
Frame Size:
The height and width of each
individual frame or image.
Color Depth or Resolution:
The amount of color for each
pixel within each frame or image.
Characteristics of digital video
Frame Size : height
and width of a frame
(measured in pixels)

Video Frame
1 2
Video Frame Video Frame
3

Color Depth : number Frame Rate : number

of colors per image, of frames displayed
related to number of bits over a period of time
per color (24 bits for 16 (second)
million color)
FRAME RATE
Frame rate is usually describes in frames
per second (fps).
Standard to display videotape is 30 fps
while photographic movie film is displayed
at 24 fps.
Frame of movie film called cells projected
as a light source at constant rate.
FRAME RATE-CONT
TV and PC have different way displaying
the video frame.
TV depends on electromagnetic scan lines
called fields projected onto tube.
TV display analog video signal by
presenting odd line then even lines.
Odd and even line form a pair of scans
turn into frame.
FRAME RATE-CONT
60 fields displayed every second (30
frames every second) and refer as
interlaced video. (as in the next diagram)
Interlacing is a technique of mixing 2
fields together to create one image.
Some video editing applications, 3D
modeling, animation provide option to
create interlaced video, suitable for
broadcasting.
This process is known as field rendering
and often a choice of Odd, Even or No
Field rendering.
Scanning is performed from left to right

Total of 525 lines

The screen is completely

scanned once every 1/30
of a second.

Even lines are

scanned first..

..then the odd lines

are scanned.

Interlaced
scanning for
NTSC video
signals.
COMPUTER FRAME DISPLAY
Computer monitor uses process called
progressive scan to update the computer
display one line at a time from top to
bottom.
Its not broken into field like TV.
Entire frame display 30 times every
second and is refer to non-interlaced
video.
FRAME SIZE
NTSC and PAL standards have larger
image than standard desktop computer
video frame size.
VGA (video graphic adapter) standard
used in monitor with resolution of 640 X
480 pixels.
Different in resolution often result in
downsizing of the video, loss in image.
COLOR DEPTH
Refer to the number of colors displayed on
the screen at one time.
Computer deal with RGB color (Red-
green-Blue) format.
Its ranging from 1 bit-2 color, 8bits-256
color,16 bit-65,535 color and 24 bit-
16.7million color).
COLOR DEPTH-CONT
In digital video, use 2 color strategies:
24 bit color to achieve optimal color
reproduction.
8-bit black and white (grayscale) or 256 color
for a reduction in file size, while maintain the
image resolution.
24 bit often used because it enables digital
video to be transport across platform with
minimal loss per frame image quality.
While 8 bit color, have smaller data sets
suitable for transmission on the internet.
QUALITY
Related to factors include frame size,
frame rate, color depth and quantity of
video (number of seconds or minutes of
video).
Some require screen, 15 frame per
second video, at 8-bit per pixel,
Other require full screen (640 by480), full
frame rate video(24 or 30 frame per
second) at 24 bits per pixel (16.7 million
colors).
QUALITY-CONT
Also depend on content;
Video with great deal motion require higher
frame rate to achieve an acceptable level of
quality for playback.
Video of great outdoor (scenery) require a
larger frame size and 24 bit color to adequately
present desired effect.
Need to understand how to size digital
video in order to provide the best quality
when producing digital video.
VIDEO COMPRESSION
It used mathematical algorithms and
required to manageable for storage,
transport and processing.
Based on applying an algorithm to the raw
video stream to reduce data size and it
will determine how data is compress in
playback and capture process.
Codecs is a driver compress the video file
into small, compact and highly usable file
sizes, reduce file sizes.
COMPRESSION RATIOS
Relates to a numerical representation of
the original video in comparison to the
compressed video.
200:1, compression ratio means original
video is represented by 200 and compress
video is represented by 1.
Higher the compression, poorer the video
quality.
LOSSY VS LOSSLESS
COMPRESSION
Known as spatial and temporal
compression.
Spatial compression; A digital
compression of video data that compresses
the size of the video file by compressing
the image data of each frame.
It make each frame image smaller and
result in lossy compression (loses image
definition).
LOSSY VS LOSSLESS
COMPRESSION
Temporal compression; A digital
compression of video data that uses
similarities of sequential frames over time
to determine and store only the image
data that differs from frame to frame.
Known as frame differencing (lossless)
uses similarities of individual frames over
time to remove repetitive data. Only
changes between sequential frames are
stored.
REALTIME VS NONREAL TIME
VIDEO
Means video compression system
must capture, compress to disk,
decompress and playback video
at the capture frame rate in real
time with no delays.
SYMMETRICAL VS
ASYMMETRICAL COMPRESSION
Referto how video images are compressed
and decompressed (real-time
compression).
Symmetrical compression means, a
playback sequence of 640 X480 video at 30
frames per second, which capture,
compress and store process in 30 seconds.
SYMMETRICAL VS
ASYMMETRICAL COMPRESSION
Asymmetrical compression means
opposite. Degree of asymmetry expressed
in ratio of 150:1, which takes 150 minutes
to compress 1 minute of video.
Its more elaborate and efficient for quality
and speed at playback because it uses
more time to compress the video
INTERFRAME VS INTRAFRAME
COMPRESSION
Intraframe (relative); compress and stores
each video frame as a discrete picture. Ex;
MPEG
Interframe (absolute) : based on although
action is happening, the background in
most video scenes remain stables. Ex;
JPEG.
VIDEO CAPTURE SYSTEM
Video capture system consist:
Video Source (VCR):, capable of producing
NTSC, PAL or others compatible video signal.
ADC: for converting analog video to digital.
Audio Capture Circuitry: sound capture
device operates together with video capture
system.
Hardware Compression Chip: special h/w
for implementing a compression algorithm on
the raw video stream.
 Video Capture with Hardware
(Symmetric Compression)

Digital video capture circuitry

Analog to Hardware Data

Video In digital Compression Storage
converter Chip
Video
Source
Audio In Audio
Capture
Circuitry
 Video Capture without Hardware

Digital video capture circuitry

Analog to Data
Video In digital Storage
converter (video may
Video
Source be
compressed
Audio In Audio
Capture
later)
Circuitry
VIDEO PLAYBACK SYSTEM
Video playback in 2 ways:
Video data is decompressed and
processed into images that are
displayed by the computer video
graphics system.
Processing will be completed by processor.
Video data is decompressed by
additional hardware called
decompressor. Video info is transfer
directly to the video graphics system.
Processor only responsible for managing
file access and related system function.
Video Playback via Computer Processor

Digital video playback system

Video
Video Out graphic
adapter
Computer Data
Processor Storage
Audio Out Audio
Playback
Circuitry
 Video Playback via the Supporting
Hardware

Digital video playback system

Video
Video Out graphic Video
adapter Decompressor
Data
Audio Computer
Storage
Audio Out
Playback Processor
Circuitry
DIGITAL VIDEO SOFTWARE
Based on 2 approach:
1. Each application that depends on
digital video is responsible for all
aspects of controlling video capture
hardware, compression and playback.
2. S/w drivers within the OS control
video capture, compression and
playback.
DIGITAL VIDEO SOFTWARE
Come in 3 basic Video Capture :
forms: Used to control video
capture h/w.
1. Video capture.
Include ability to
2. Video editing. control video signal
input; color and
3. Video playback
brightness.
applications. Control compression
selection , algorithm,
frame rate, frame size,
color depth, bit rate and
audio sampling.
DIGITAL VIDEO SOFTWARE
Video Editing :
Compressing raw digital video to smaller
files.
Copy, cut, paste and delete video frames.
Combine frames from 2 or more video data
sources.
Changing size or frame rate of the video
data segments.
Editing audio by remove, copy or adding.
Adding special effect to video clips such as
titles or transitions between video segments.
DIGITAL VIDEO SOFTWARE
Video Playback:
Play the video within a window
or full screen application with
controls to play, pause, stop,
rewind, fast forward and frame
advance or retreat.
User can jump around the video
by pointing to certain location of
the frame video.
VIDEO EDITING TECHNIQUE
LINEAR:
Videotape editing.
Play from begin to end in 1
direction.
NONLINEAR:
Editing of disk-based digital video.
Provides onscreen map of what
final video sequences look like.
Incorporating the edits, splices,
special effect, transitions and
sound tracks.
NONLINEAR EDITING
NONLINEAR EDITING
SPECIAL EFFECT
Transition:
Such as fading, wiping, splatters,
scrolling, stipple, fade-in and etc.
Superimposing:
Add features, image or background to
the screen.
Filters:
To create lens flares, pointilize,
emboss, zoom, pan, twist and etc.
Used to change duration of the video.
MORPHING
Shooting and Editing Video
Shooting and Editing Video

Lighting
Always strive for adequate lighting.
Shooting and Editing Video
Chroma keys
Blue screen or chroma key editing is used to
superimpose subjects over different
backgrounds.
 MORPHING
A digital process where 1 image
crossfade into another with a twist.
Ex; running tiger change into a sport car
or human change to aliens.
(read the details in the multimedia,
concept and practice).
SOFTWARE FOR VIDEO
EDITING
Gold Disks Astound Studio
Adobe Premiere
Adobe After Effects
FORMAT FILE
AVI (.avi)
Audio Video Interleave Format.
Support on all windows platforms.
Not supported by Macintosh
unless they install the software
from Microsoft.
Use in windows media player.
FORMAT FILE
QuickTime (.mov)
Support on Windows and
Macintosh platforms.
Need to install the Apples
QuickTime player software .
Versatile format widely used to
distribute video over the web.
FORMAT FILE
MPEG (Motion Picture Expert
Group)
MPEG-1 : 1.2 Mbps of video and
250Kbps of 2 channels stereo audio
using CD-ROM.
MPEG-2 : broadcast quality video at
rates between 3-15 Mbps.
MPEG-4 : low data rate video, can view
3D and VR applications.
MPEG-7 : metadata standard for video
presentation.
http://www.mpeg.org
FORMAT FILE
Microsoft Video 1
Support 8 bit and 24 bit color
palettes.
Small compress file.
Microsoft RLE
Best for compressing comp
generated image and animation.
Only available in AVI, support 8 bit
color.
FORMAT FILE
Cinepak
ForAVI and QuickTime format.
High compression and good fidelity.
Using asymmetrical compression.
Indeo
IntelIndeo codec available for AVI and
QuickTime.
Additional features ; Indeo Interactivity,
scalability the quality.
FORMAT FILE
Sorensen
Only for QuickTime version 3 or higher.
Provide better quality and compression
rate.
Web-specific
Need to have plug-in installed in the
browser.
CODECS
The algorithm used to compress (code) a
video for delivery.
Decodes the compressed video in real-time
for fast playback.
Streaming audio and video starts
playback as soon as enough data has
transferred to the users computer to
sustain this playback.
CODECS AND FILE
EXTENSIONS
CODECS FILE EXTENSION

Cinepax .avi

Indeo .avi

Apple Quicktime .mov

MPEG .mpg
USING VIDEO
Used it for information delivery and
present complex information.
Careful when purchasing the s/w
Choose most appropriate video file.
Not too much transition and special effect
cause delay in rendering process.
Try to have smaller file.
If the capturing and editing software is
different, make sure to set it to standard
format so it can be used in both process.
CONCLUSION
What is the different between Analog and
digital Video
Name type of video compression?

Why we need video?

What have we learn today?