CHAPTER 1

Cells and Organisms

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 1

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 CELLS!

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 2

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Essential Properties of a Cell
Make energy and macromolecules, have genome, an

Membrane

cytoplasm

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 3

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Prokaryotes & Eukary

Eubacteria
Archaea

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 4

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
eubacteria

archaea

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 5

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Eukaryote
=
Internal
membranes

Nucleus
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 6

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Mitochondrion

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 7

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Chloroplasts

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 8

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Cytoskeleton keep cell shape

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 9

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Model Organisms

Grow easily
Fast
Genomes
Development
Genetics

www. Senescience.info

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 10

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Model Organisms E.
coli

Single cell, identical

4,000 genes on single chromos
Haploid one copy of genes
Extrachromosomal plasmids
Simple, defined growing condit
Fast!
1x109 cells/ml
Storage

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 11

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Model Organisms
Yeast

Single cell, identical

6,000 genes on single
chromosome
Haploid or diploid
Few introns
Simple, defined growing
conditions
Fast!-ish 90 minutes/division
1x109 cells/ml
Store @ low temps
Genetic analysis

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 12

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Other Model
Organisms

Zebrafish
C. elegans

Drosophila Xenopus
Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 13
Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Other Model
Organisms

Mice Arabidopsis

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 14

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Isolation of DNA

Figure 1.27
Phenol Extraction Removes Proteins from Nucleic Acids
Proteins can be removed from a solution of DNA and RNA by adding an equal volume of phenol. Since phenol is very dense, it forms a separate
layer at the bottom of the tube. When the two solutions are shaken, the proteins dissolve into the phenol. The two layers separate again after a brief
spin in the centrifuge. The top phase, which contains just DNA and RNA, can then be isolated.

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 15

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Isolation of DNA

Figure 1.28
Removal of RNA by Ribonuclease
A mixture of RNA and DNA is incubated with ribonuclease, which digests all the RNA into small fragments and leaves the DNA unaltered. An equal
volume of alcohol is added, and the larger pieces of DNA are precipitated out of solution. The solution is centrifuged, and the large insoluble pieces
of DNA form a small pellet at the bottom of the tube. The RNA fragments remain in solution.

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 16

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
What has genetic information and
can replicate but is not a living
cell?

Figure 1.29
Structural Components of a Virus
A virus is composed of a protein coat and nucleic acid. Note that there are no ribosomes or cytoplasmic membranes and
only one type of nucleic acid is present.

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 17

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 18
Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Subcellular Genetic Elements

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 19

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 2
Basic Genetics

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 20

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 Gene
Allele
Locus
Genome

Figure 2.1
Mendelian Characters in Peas
Mendel chose specic characteristics, such as those shown.

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 21

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
 On the very simplest level

One gene one enzyme

Protein
Enzyme
Regulatory proteins

One gene one protein

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 22

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Wild-type and Mutant Genes

Wild-type Original

Mutant altered gene

Null allele

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 23

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Multi-step pathways and Epistasis

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 24

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Where are genes found? Chromosomes

(bacteria have circular DNA chromosomes)

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 25

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Genes match on homologous chromo

Homologous chromosomes
Diploid
Alleles

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 26

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.9
Two Different Alleles Produce Four Genotypes
The genotypes R and r can be combined in four ways. Genotype, Phenotype
Homozygous, heterozygous
Dominant, recessive
Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 27
Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Genotypes and Phenotypes not always so clear
Partial Dominance

RR Rr0.5 Rr r0.5 r0.5 rr0.5 rr

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 28

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.
Genotypes and Phenotypes not always so clear
Co-Dominance

Molecular Biology, 2nd edition by Clark and Pazdernik 29

Copyright 2013 by Academic Cell. All rights reserved.