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Islamic world
717-720 Caliph Umar II orders Jews to wear vestimentary distinctions (called giyr, i.e.,
distinguishing marks)
84761 Caliph Al-Mutawakkil reinforces and reissues the edict. Christians are required to wear
patches. One of the patches was to be worn in front of the breast and the other on the back. They
were required to be honey-colored.
887/8 Saracen governor of Sicily orders Jews to wear on their garments and put on their doors a
piece of cloth in the form of donkey and to wear yellow belts and special hats.

Medieval and Early Modern Europe

1215 Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: "Jews and Saracens of both
sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from
other peoples through the character of their dress."
1219 Pope Honorius III issues a dispensation to the Jews of Castile. Spanish Jews normally wore
turbans in any case, which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive.
1222 Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton orders English Jews to wear a white band two
fingers broad and four fingers long.
1227 Synod of Narbonne rules: "That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and
emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval
badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height.
1228 James I orders Jews of Aragon to wear the badge.
1265 The Siete Partidas, a legal code enacted in Castile by Alfonso X but not implemented until
many years later, includes a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks.
1267 In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a cone-
shaped head dress, common in medieval illustrations of Jews); the badge does not seem to have
been worn in Austria.
19/6/1269 France. (Saint) Louis IX of France orders all Jews found in public without a badge
(French: rouelle or roue, Latin: rota) to be fined ten livres of silver. The enforcement of wearing the
badge is repeated by local councils, with varying degrees of fines, at Arles 1234 and 1260, Bziers
1274 The Statute of Jewry in England, enacted by King Edward I, enforces the regulations. "Each
Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to
say, in the form of two Tables joined, of yellow felt of the length of six inches and of the breadth of
three inches.
16/10/1294 Erfurt. The earliest mention of the badge in Germany.
13151326 Emir Ismail Abu-I-Walid forces the Jews of Granada to wear the yellow badge.
1321 Henry II of Castile forces the Jews to wear the yellow badge.
11/5/1415 Bull of the Antipope Benedict XIII orders the Jews to wear a yellow and red badge, the
men on their breast, the women on their forehead.
1434 Emperor Sigismund reintroduces the badge at Augsburg.
1528 The Council of Ten of Venice allows the newly arrived famous physician and professor Jacob
Mantino ben Samuel to wear the regular black doctors' cap instead of Jewish yellow hat for several
months (subsequently made permanent), upon the recommendation of the French and English
ambassadors, the papal legate, and other dignitaries numbered among his patients.
1555 Pope Paul IV decrees, in his Cum nimis absurdum, that the Jews should wear yellow hats.
1566 King Sigismund II passes a law that required Lithuanian Jews to wear yellow hats and head
coverings. The law was abolished twenty years later.
1710 Frederick William I of Prussia abolished the mandatory Jewish yellow patch in return for a
payment of 8,000 thaler (about $75,000 worth of silver at 2007 prices) each.

Nazi Europe
September and October A number of local German occupational commanders ordered , 1939
Jewish Poles in their areas to wear an identifying mark under the threat of death. There were no
consistent requirements as to its color and shape: it varies from a white armband to a yellow Star
. of David badge
Hans Frank ordered all Jewish Poles above the age of 11 years in German-occupied 23/11/1939
. Poland to wear white armbands with a blue Star of David
A popular legend portrays king Christian X of Denmark wearing the yellow badge on his daily 1940
morning horseback ride through the streets of Copenhagen, followed by non-Jewish Danes
responding to their king's example, thus preventing the Germans from identifying Jewish citizens.
Queen Margrethe II of Denmark has explained that the story was not true. No order requiring Jews
. to wear identifying marks was ever introduced in Denmark
".Jews in Independent State of Croatia ordered to wear "Jewish insignia 4/6/1941
July Jewish Poles in German-occupied Soviet-annexed Poland, Jewish Lithuanians, Latvians , 1941
and Estonians as well as Soviet Jews in German-occupied areas were obliged to wear white
. armbands or yellow badges
. All Romanian Jews were ordered to wear the yellow badge 8/8/1941
The yellow badge was the only standardised identifying mark in the German-occupied 13/8/1941
. East; other signs were forbidden
Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states (Austrians, Czechs, Danzigers) 1/9/1941
. from the age of six years were ordered to wear the yellow badge when in public
. Slovakia ordered its Jews to wear yellow badges 1/9/1941
Romania started to force Jews in newly annexed territories, denied Romanian citizenship, 1941/1942
.to wear the yellow badge
13/3/1942 The Gestapo ordered Jewish Germans and Jews with citizenship of annexed states to
mark their apartments or houses at the front door with a white badge.
29/4/1942 Jewish Dutch people forced to wear the yellow badge.
3/6/1942 Jewish Belgians forced to wear the yellow badge.
7/6/1942 Jews in occupied France were ordered to wear a yellow star, but the Vichy Regime
refused to comply with that.
8/1942 With the German annexation of Luxembourg, the yellow badge was introduced there.
10/1942 Under German pressure, Bulgaria ordered its Jewish citizens to wear small yellow
buttons, but contravention was not prosecuted.
11/1942 With the occupation of the French Zone libre Jews there were also forced to wear the
yellow badge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_badge
31/3/1944 After the occupation of Hungary, the German occupants ordered Jewish Hungarians and
Jews with defunct
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