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Trevor J McDougall
University of New South Wales
.0091159 .0113495
Using the available information and 2005 K+
.0000810
Sr2+ .0002260
atomic weight estimates, mole fractions of
standard seawater can be determined.
Cl .4874839 .5503396
.0015340
requirement to achieve exact charge HCO3 .0029805
.0007520
balance. Br .0019130
SA = (35.165 04/35) g kg1 x SP + SA x, y, p
Where have the 811 samples come from?
What is the spatial distribution of SA?
What is the spatial distribution of SA?
Improvement in calculating the horizontal density gradient
1p pSA p
Northward density gradient
SA SR
The North Pacific: 10% change in the thermal wind with TEOS-10
improvement in TEOS-10 vs EOS-80
?????
The Oceans role in Climate
If we take h SA , , p , thermodynamic reasoning leads to
T0 t c p d p T t p d SA R Q
F F
T0 p r d t 0 T r dt
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure,
cp, J kg-1 K-1 at p = 0 dbar
0
Potential enthalpy, h,and Conservative Temperature,
Just as is the temperature evaluated after an adiabatic change in
pressure, so potential enthalpy is the enthalpy of a fluid parcel after the
same adiabatic change in pressure.
h SA , ,0 h SA , , p 0 v SA , , p dp .
0 p
T0 t c0 d p T0 t 0 d SA
F F
R Q
T0 p d t T0 dt
0
The specific heat cp is a constant, and the square bracket here is very
close to zero, even at a pressure of 40 MPa = 4,000 dbar. This means
that the First Law of Thermodynamics can be accurately written as
dh0 d
c0p FR FQ .
dt dt
The difference between potential temperature
and
Conservative Temperature,
C
to be compared with the error in assuming that
entropy is a conservative variable; contours in C
Improving Heat Conservation in Ocean Models
Conservative temperature is
100 times closer to being heat
than is potential temperature.
The algorithm for conservative
temperature has been imported
into the MOM4 code and it is
available as an option when
running the MOM4 code.
The figures show the expected
influence of sea-surface
temperature in the annual
mean, and seasonally.
Improving Heat Conservation in Ocean Models
p
p 35,0 35,0 dp
0
p
T
1
2 p p
S ,, p
A
1 b
12
p p
2
dp
0