BASIC PRINCIPLE OF

ULTRASOUND
Bambang Soeprijanto

Dept. of Radiology
Soetomo Hosp. Airlangga Med. Fac.
Surabaya
 What is ultrasound imaging ?
- is an imaging technique
- uses high frequency sound waves
- to produce images of organ and
structures in the body
1. Sound wave :
a form of energy
Ultrasound :
Frequency greater than 200.000 Hz (2 MHz)
Diagnostic imaging: 3.5 - 10 MHz
Higher than detection ear threshold
2. US Imaging:

- Dussik (Austrian, 1937)-

US in Anatomical-Imaging

- Ludwig (USA, 1949)-

detecting gall-stone by US
7. Signal processing :
Probe: electrical signal

Analog to digital data converter

Computer memory

Display/Image
3. Piezoelectric effect :

- converting electrical energy

to mechanical energy

- reconverting mechanical energy

to electrical energy
5. Display :

A-mode
B-mode
M-mode
6.Development of US Imaging technology :

- B-scan : bistable - grey scale (1950)

static compound scan-real time
imaging (1960)
- Doppler technique
- Color Doppler Imaging (1980)
- 3D-US (1995)
Artifact :
Display of incorrect information
can hinder a proper diagnose
12. CDI mean :

- existence of flow
- direction of flow
- if turbulence exist
13. US contrast media

increasing Doppler signal

emulsion materials release gas
bubbles
14. Archive system :

- paper printer
- polaroid film printer
- multi image format film
- video tape
- video disk
15. US bio-effect :
thermal effect
cavitation - gaseous bubbles
formation

FDA Imitation : 94 mW/cm2

US bio-physic study :
mice in utero
No significant effect on mice fetus
18. Patients preparation :

- Gall bladder : fasting condition

- Pancreas : minimize gastric and
bowel contents
- Obs-gyn : fully bladder
- Babies head : hair cut
19. Scanning technique :

medium for sound beam propagation

- water
- aqua gel
- alcohol solution
20. Sterilization of probe :

- Alcohol sol.
- No - heat
- No boiling
 Limitations of US image
1. BONE AND AIR- FILLED
STRUCTURES TO BE BARRIERS
- ANATOMY SORROUNDED BY
BONE
- GAS WITHIN THE INTESTINE
- GAS WITHIN THE LUNG
2. RELATIVE FAT PATIENT
3. OPERATOR DEPENDENT
 ADVANTAGES OF US
1. NO USE ANY IONIZING RADIATION
2. SIMPLE, RAPID, HAND HELD, AND
RELATIVE LOW COST
3. MULTIPLANAR ORIENTATION
 Advantages of US image
1. DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN
SOLID AND CYSTIC MASS
2. DYNAMIC EVALUATION
3. VISUALIZING OF THE LIVER,
SPLEEN, PANCREAS, KIDNEY,
GYNECOLOGIC ORGAN
 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
1. ABDOMEN
2. HEART
3. OBSTETRI GINEKOLOGI
4. HEAD ( BABY)
5. VASCULER STUDY, (VEIN, ART)
6. BREAST, THYROID, TESTES)
7. MUSCULOSKELETAL
18. Patients preparation :

- Gall bladder : fasting condition

- Pancreas : minimize gastric and
bowel contents
- Obs-gyn : fully bladder
- Babies head : hair cut