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Slow-twitch fibers
last longer,
Fast-twitch fibers
contract more quickly and powerfully,
oxygen gas.
generates ATP.
used in photosynthesis.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 CO2
O2
H2O
Cellular respiration
Breathing
Lungs
O2 CO2
Muscle
cells
Cellular
respiration
The Simplified Equation for Cellular Respiration
Oxidation
Glucose loses electrons
(and hydrogens)
Reduction
Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens)
Redox Reactions
Cellular respiration is
a controlled fall of electrons and
Release
of heat
energy
H 2O
NADH and Electron Transport Chains
e e
Stepwise release
NADH
NAD of energy used
to make
ATP
2 H 2 e
El
ec
tr
on
tr
an
sp
or
t ch
a in
2 e
1
2 H 2
O2
Hydrogen, electrons,
and oxygen combine H2O
to produce water
Figure 6.5a
Stepwise release
ATP of energy used
2 H 2 e to make ATP
Electron
transport chain
2 e
1
2 H 2 O2
3. electron transport.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
High-energy
electrons
via carrier
molecules
Glycolysis Citric
2 Acid Electron
Glucose Pyruvic Cycle Transport
acid
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
High-energy
electrons
via carrier
molecules
Glycolysis Citric
2 Acid Electron
Glucose Pyruvic Cycle Transport
acid
INPUT OUTPUT
NADH
P P 2 ATP
NAD
2 ADP
2 3
2 ATP P
2 ADP P
2 Pyruvic acid
1
P P
P
2 3
Glucose
2 ADP
NAD 2 ATP
P
NADH
INPUT OUTPUT
2 Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Figure 6.7b-1
2 ATP
2 ADP
1
P
NADH
P P
NAD
2
2 ATP P
2 ADP P
1
P P
P
2
NAD P
NADH
NADH
P P 2 ATP
NAD 2 ADP
2 3
2 ATP P
2 ADP P
1
P P
P
2 3
2 ADP
NAD 2 ATP
P
NADH
3. Glycolysis
uses two ATP molecules per glucose to split the
six-carbon glucose and
makes four additional ATP directly when enzymes
transfer phosphate groups from fuel molecules to
ADP.
Enzyme
P ADP
ATP
P P
Stage 2: The Citric Acid Cycle
INPUT OUTPUT
2 Oxidation of the fuel
(from (to citric
generates NADH
glycolysis) acid cycle)
NAD NADH
CoA
INPUT OUTPUT
(from (to citric
glycolysis) acid cycle)
CoA
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvic acid
Figure 6.9b
INPUT OUTPUT
Citric
acid
1 Acetic
acid 2
2 CO2
ADP P ATP 3
Citric
Acid
Cycle
3 NAD 3 NADH 4
FAD FADH2 5
6
Acceptor
molecule
Figure 6.10a
INPUT OUTPUT
1 Acetic
acid 2
2 CO2
ADP P ATP 3
3 NAD 3 NADH 4
FAD FADH2 5
Figure 6.10b
Citric
Acid
Cycle
Acceptor
molecule
Stage 3: Electron Transport
ATP synthase
takes the energy from this flow and
synthesizes ATP.
Space H
between
H H H H H
membranes H
H
Electron H
carrier H H 3 H 5 H
Protein
complex
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
FADH2 FAD
H
Electron 2 1
flow 2
O2 2 H H2O 6
4
NADH NAD
ADP P ATP
1
H H H H
H
Matrix Electron transport chain ATP synthase
Figure 6.11a
Space H
between
H H H H H
membranes
H H
Electron
H
H 3 H
carrier H H 5
Protein
complex
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
FADH2 FAD
H
Electron 2
1
flow O2 2 H
H2O 6
2
4
NADH NAD
ADP P ATP
1
H H H H
H
Space H
between H
H H H H
membranes
H
Electron H
H H 3 H
carrier
Protein
complex
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
FADH2 FAD
H
Electron 2
1
flow O2 2 H
2
4
NADH NAD
1
H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H 5 H
1
O2 2 H H2O 6
2
4
ADP P ATP
H H
ATP synthase
Stage 3: Electron Transport
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
6 NADH
2 NADH 2 NADH
2 FADH2
Glycolysis 2
2 Electron
Acetyl Citric
Glucose Pyruvic Transport
CoA Acid
acid
Cycle Maximum
per
glucose:
2 2 About About
ATP ATP 28 ATP 32 ATP
Glycolysis 2
2 Electron
Acetyl Citric
Glucose Pyruvic Transport
CoA Acid
acid
Cycle
2 2 About
ATP ATP 28 ATP
by direct by direct
by ATP
synthesis synthesis
synthase
The Results of Cellular Respiration
fats, and
proteins.
Acetyl Citric
Glycolysis Acid Electron
CoA
Cycle Transport
ATP
FERMENTATION: ANAEROBIC HARVEST
OF FOOD ENERGY
Some of your cells can actually work for short
periods without oxygen.
Fermentation is the anaerobic (without oxygen)
harvest of food energy.
Glycolysis
does not require oxygen and
INPUT OUTPUT
2 ADP 2 ATP
2 P
Glycolysis
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD
2 Pyruvic acid
2 H 2 Lactic acid
Glucose
Figure 6.14a
INPUT OUTPUT
2 ADP 2 ATP
2 P
Glycolysis
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD
2 Pyruvic acid
2 H 2 Lactic acid
Glucose
Figure 6.15
Battery Battery
Force Force
measured measured
Frog
muscle
stimulated
by electric
current
INPUT OUTPUT
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 P
2 CO2 released
Glycolysis
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD
2 Ethyl alcohol
2 Pyruvic 2 H
Glucose acid
Figure 6.16a
INPUT OUTPUT
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 P
2 CO2 released
Glycolysis
2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD
2 Ethyl alcohol
2 Pyruvic 2 H
Glucose acid
Evolution Connection:
Life before and after Oxygen
Today, glycolysis
occurs in almost all organisms and
Earths atmosphere
O2 present in
Billions of years ago
2.1 First eukaryotic organisms
2.2 Atmospheric oxygen reaches 10% of modern levels
2.7 Atmospheric oxygen
first appears
Earths atmosphere
O2 present in
Billions of years ago
Citric
Acid Electron
Glycolysis Transport
Cycle
Citric
Acid Electron
Glycolysis Transport
Cycle
Citric
Acid Electron
Glycolysis Transport
Cycle
Heat
C6H12O6
Sunlight O2
ATP
Photosynthesis
Cellular
respiration
CO2 H2O
Figure 6.UN08
Oxidation
Glucose loses electrons
(and hydrogens)
C6H12O6 CO2
Electrons ATP
(and hydrogens)
O2 H 2O
Reduction
Oxygen gains
electrons (and
hydrogens)
Figure 6.UN09
Mitochondrion
O2
6 NADH
2 NADH 2 NADH
2 FADH2
Glycolysis 2 Citric
2 Acetyl Electron
Acid
Glucose Pyruvic CoA Transport
acid Cycle
2 CO2 4 CO2
H 2O
About
2 by direct by direct 2 28 ATP by ATP
ATP ATP
synthesis synthesis synthase
About
32 ATP