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Agenda
Cell Search Procedure
Downlink Transmission
SIB
RACH Procedure
Uplink Transmission
HARQ Procedure
Summary
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LTE Physical Layer - Introduction
It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink
direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
There is no macro-diversity in use
System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
No frequency planning required
There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping
is dynamically driven by the scheduler
FDD
Frequency band ..1
..
Frequency band ..
.. 2
TDD
Single
.. frequency band ..
Downlink Uplink
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Initial Procedure
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Cell Search
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal
(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )
UE
2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal
(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
eNodeB
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Synchronization Signals -FDD
PSS
Using non-coherent detection, estimate 5msec timing and physical-layer identity
Channel estimation information for SSS
SSS
Physical-layer identity (Cell ID) is obtained
Mapped to one of 168 cell ID groups (168 ID groups for 504 Cell IDs)
Radio-frame timing (10msec) identification
Max # of hypotheses;336 hypotheses (2x168: 2 for half frame, 168 for ID groups)
Can be detect RS structure information from SSS and PSS MobileComm Professionals,
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Synchronization Signals -TDD
UpPTS
SRS transmission on UpPTS
Agreement on 1 SRS symbol in UpPTS.
Discuss further whether 2 SRS symbols in UpPTS.
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Frequency Synchronization PSS
3 different PSS
sequences
Length 63 Zadoff-Chu corresponding to 3
Sequence different cell IDs.
Zadoff Chu They could be
Sequences are generated by using
based on CAZAC ZCM(0)ZCM(1) ZCM(62) a different root
= Constant Five zeros Five zeros sequence M for the
Amplitude Zero 0 0 0 0 Zadoff-Sequences
Auto-Correlation Cell ID Root index
sequences OFDM (M)
Modulator 0 25
1 29
2 34
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)
UE
eNo
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Frequency Synchronization SSS
a , b = two different 2 different SSS per cell:
cyclic shifts of a single SSS0 in subframe 0 and SSS1
Length-31 binary in subframe 5.
length-31 sequence
binary sequence SSS0 and SSS1 have the
a0a1 a30 b0b1 b30 same
structure but are shifted in
frequency domain
The cyclic shift is
0 0 0 0
Dependent on the
Physical layer cell
ID group (1..168) OFDM
Modulator
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)
SSS0 in
subframe
0
SSS1 in
subframe
5
72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)
SSS structure in frequency domain
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SSS Secondary Synchronisation
Signal
Frame (10 ms) synchronization
2 different sequences depending on the cell group are sent: SSS0 and
SSS1
By observing the combination of pairs SSS0 and SSS1 the UE can
identify either the beginning or the middle of the frame
Example: the sequence SSS0-PSS is indicating the begining of the
frame, SSS1-PSS the middle of the frame
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PSS and SSS Frame in Frequency and
Time Domain for FDD Case
PSS and SSS
Frequency
Reference signals
Unused RE
5 ms repetition Time
period
10 ms Radio frame
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Cell Search
3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements
like CPICH in UMTS)
UE
4. PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB DL system bandwidth, PHICH
eNodeB configuration, SFN)
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DL Reference Signals
Three types of downlink reference signals are defined:
Cell-specific reference signals, associated with non-MBSFN transmission (unicast RS)
MBSFN reference signals, associated with MBSFN transmission
UE-specific reference signals (Dedicated RS)
There is one reference signal transmitted per downlink antenna port.
REs used for RS transmission on any of the antenna ports in a slot shall not be used
Used for:
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Frequency DL Reference Signals
First slot Second slot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1 reference symbol to
every 6th subcarrier
In one RB (resource block = 12
subcarriers): every 3rd subcarrier
Reference signal
Time
In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols
per Time slot (Sy 0 & Sy 4)
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Different Reference Signals Frequency Shift
Frequency
Time
Reference signal
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Cell-specific Reference Signals in Case of Multi-
Antenna Transmission
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Antenna Port Layering
R0 R0
0 R0
R1
R0
R1
R0 R0
1 R1 R1
R0 R0
R1 R1
R1 R1
R1
eNodeB
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Dedicated Reference Signals
Dedicated RS
Frequency
DRS (antenna port 5) pattern for normal
CP
DRS pattern with 12 DRS per RB pair
Support of DRS operation is a UE
capability of FDD/TDD
DRS pattern for extended CP for 12
RS per RB: FFS
CQI estimation
Time
CQI estimation (DL) is always based
Dedicated RS with
on Common RS (CRS) Common RS
RS Port 0
RS Port 1
DRS (Antenna
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PBCH Design Criteria
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PBCH
The bit scrambling of the PBCH depends on the physical cell ID
Known from synchronisation
U
eNode E
B
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PBCH Mapping
Slot Slot
0 1
Frequency
6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz
SSS (minimum LTE Bandwidth)
PSS
Reference signals
Unused RE
PBCH
Time
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PBCH Repetition Pattern
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DL Transmission
Process description:
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DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals
The decision is sent to the UE in the Control Channel Region of the subfame
(1ms) (on PDCCH) together with the allocated resource blocks
The actual user data is sent to the UE on the remaining simbol Data
Region (on PDSCH)
PDC
CH
PDS
CH
UE
eNodeB
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PCFICH
CCFI (Control format indication)
Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1, 2 or 3) used for
transmission of PDCCHs in a subframe.
PCFICH carries CCFI.
The number of bits: 32 bits
Cell-specific scrambling prior to modulation.
Modulation: QPSK
16 RE Resource Elements distributed in frequency
Sent in the first 3 symbols of the subframe
Mapping to resource elements: four groups of four contiguous REs not used for
RS in the first OFDM symbol
Spread over the whole system bandwidth
Same mapping for 1, 2 and 4 antennas
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PCFICH Structure
2 input bits are enough to signal the PDCCH size: 1, 2 or 3
symbols 4
subcarriers
D.C.
72
One Resource
Element Group 4
(REG) = 4 RE
Time
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PDCCH Resource Adjustment
from PCFICH
First subframe Second subframe
(1ms) (1ms)
12 subcarriers
Frequency
Time
Control region
Control region 3 OFDM
- symbols
1 OFDM symbol
Indicated by
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PDCCH Design
Several PDCCHs could be transmitted in one subframe
One PDCCH contains DCI = DL control information
DCI could indicate:
Uplink scheduling grants for PUSCH
Downlink scheduling assignments for PDSCH
TPC command for PUSCH and PUCCH
The DCI may have different size (depending on the information e.g. scheduling or
power control command different formats possible)
The number of bits for one PDCCH may change based on channel conditions:
UE at cell edge more bits per PDCCH
UE close to BTS less bits per PDCCH
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Size Of The PDCCH Region
Subframe Subframe
0 Subframe
1 Subframe
2 Subframe
3 4
SubframeSubframe
5 6
Frequency
PDCCH region
1,2,3 OFDM
symbols
in the beginning
of the subframe
not allocated by
PCFICH, PHICH
0 1
Slot 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No.
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PDCCH Format
DCI format [Detailed in TS36.212]
PDCCH carrier Downlink Control Information (DCI)
Multiple DCI formats are defined based on type of information
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Resource Element Group
1 RE
1 RE
REG
1 RE
1 RE
9 REG
...
1 CCE
REG
1 CCE = 94 = 36
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Size Of One PDCCH
PDCCH format Number of CCE's Number of RE Number of
id groups PDCCH bits
0 1 9 72
1 2 18 144
2 4 36 288
3 8 72 576
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PDCCH Size
Allocation for UE 1
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
UE 1
Allocation for UE 2
Frequency
Time
UE 2
REG = Resource Elements
Groups
RE = Resource Elements
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PDCCH
Aggregation of CCE
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PDCCH Blind Decoding
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PDCCH Format restriction
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RB assignments on PDCCH
Type 0 10011101
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Type 1 10011101 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Subset
Subset
0
1
+subset 1 Subset 2
Subset 3
Type 2
start+length
Type 2 uses the same method as for UL grants (and same PDCCH payload size)
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Paging In LTE FDD Mode
Used for network originated services (e.g. VoIP)
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PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared
Channel
Contain the actual user data from DL-SCH
Paging
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Resource Allocation Type 0
Example: 50 RBs are grouped into:
17 RBGs:16 RBGs of 3 RBs + 1 RBG of 2 RBs.
RBG = Resource Block Group
RB = Resource Block
The bitmap 0 -> the group is not allocated, 1 the group is
allocated
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
The bitmap
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
2 bits showing
the number of The bitmap
Subsets:
3 subsets (the
second subset
in this example)
Offset 0
Offset 1
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Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe 3 Subframe 4 ..
Frequency
SSS
PSS
PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
Reference signals
PDSCH UE1
0 Slot1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH UE2 No.
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System Information
System Information ( )
MIB
Sent on PBCH!
40 ms repetition UE
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Example Of mapping To Channels
SI SI
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System Information
Cell access related information (PLMN, cell identity, Tracking Area code etc.)
Information for cell selection
SIB 1 TDD configuration
- Information about time-domain scheduling of the remaining SIBs
SIB 4 Neighbor cell related information only for intra-frequency cell re-selection.
SIB 6 UTRA FDD and TDD frequency information for cell reselection
SIB 8 - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the cdma2000 system.
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System Information Blocks
MI SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB
System Parameters Related to B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cell Selection Info x
PLMN-id x
Tracking Area Code x
Cell Id x
Cell Barred x
Frequency Band Indicator x
SIB Scheduling x
UL EARFCN x
UL Bandwith x
DL Bandwith x
Common Radio Resource Conf x
Paging Info x
Cell Reselection x
Neighbouring Cells -intra frequency x
Neighbouring Cells -inter frequency x
Inter RAT reselection (UTRAN) x
Inter RAT reselection (GRAN) x
Inter RAT reselection (CDMA2000) x
home eNodeB x
ETWS notification MobileComm
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PHICH
PHICH = PHY Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel
HARQ acknowledgements for UL-SCH transmission
As many PHICH channels as the number of UEs in the cell
A set of PHICH channels is multiplexed on the same resource elements (8
normal CP, 4 extended CP)
Transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe
Occupies 3 resource element groups (REGs) = 12 resource elements (RE)
PHICH response comes 4 sub-frames after PU-SCH
Processing
of PHICH
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PHICH Structure
PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, which indicates whether the eNodeB has
correctly received a transmission on the PUSCH
PCFICH resource elements
HARQ Indicator 1
Reference
symbols
Walsh + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1
spreading 1 1 1 1 1 1
D.C.
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Random Access-Initial Access
Random access procedure handled by MAC and PHY Layer through PRACH (in
UL) and PDCCH ( in DL)
RACH only carries the preambles and occupies 6 resource blocks in a subframe
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Random Access Response
The random access procedure is performed for the following five events:
Initial access from RRC_IDLE;
RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure;
Handover;
DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access
procedure;
UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access
procedure;
E.g. when UL synchronization status is "non-synchronized" or there are no
PUCCH resources for SR available.
Normal DL/UL transmission can take place after the random access procedure.
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Random Access-Initial Access
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Initial Access
1. PRACH Preamble
GT = Guard Time
UE close
Other Other
to the users CP Preamble users
eNodeB
Observation interval
UE at the
Other Other
Cell edge users CP Preamble users
800 s 100 s
C G 14 Km
Format 0 P Preamble T
2 ms
Format 1 CP Preamble GT 77 Km
2 ms
3 ms
Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its Cyclic Prefix CP
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwidth
PRACH
PRACH PRACH bandwidt
h
(1.08MHz
)
PUSCH
PUCCH
Time
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PUCCH Formats
Note 1: There are 2 formats: Format 1 (1, 1a and 1b) and Format 2 (2, 2a and 2b)
Note 2: PUCCH power offset depends on the PUCCH format
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PUCCH Format 1
Small in size (1 or 2 bits)
Used for
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
Scheduling request
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PUCCH Format 2
Larger in size (20, 21 or 22 bits)
10 bits for CQI report
2 bits for ACK/NACK
Used for
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
Scheduling request
CQI/PMI and RI information
By using different cyclic shifts of the CAZAC
sequence multiple UEs may be multiplexed on
one PUCCH resource
Format 1 and 2 share the same basic format
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PUCCH and PUSCH Multiplexing
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith
PUSCH
Frequency
12 subcarriers
PUCCH
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Uplink Reference Signals
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Design of Demodulation Reference
Signals DRS
Position of DRS
Time domain:
For PUCCH: the number and the exact position of the DRS is dependent on the
format (1/1a/1b or 2/2a/2b) used
For PUSCH: every 4th symbol in every time
slot (the 3rd symbol for the extended cyclic prefix)
Frequency domain:
DRS has the same bandwidth like
the UL transmission of the terminal
urc e
Re so
k
Bloc
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Uplink DRS Multiplexed With
PUCCH
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith
PUSCH
Frequency
12 subcarriers
PUCCH
1 subframe = 1ms
Time
ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK
CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
eNodeB
UE UE
A UE C
B
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Sounding Reference Signals SRS
The SRS can be used for:
timing advance
eNodeB UE
A
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Sounding Reference Signals SRS
Why Demodulation References Signals
cannot be used instead of SRS? Slot 1 Subframe Slot
0 2
36 Subcarriers
spectrum so the SRS may cover a
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).
SRS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
5 6
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Sounding Reference Signals SRS
Subframe 0
Why Demodulation References Signals Slot 1 Slot 2
cannot be used instead of SRS?
36 Subcarriers
We need an estimation of the whole
spectrum so the SRS may cover a
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).
The SRS is not necessarily
transmitted together with any physical
channel
SRS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
5 6
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Duration And Periodicity Of SRS
Transmissions
2 ms (SRS minimum
transmission periodicity)
16 RBs
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UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or
PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)
3. UL Demodulation Signal
FEC Forward error correction coding, used to correct the mistakes in the
channel often appear to reduce weight and improve the system through the
efficiency;
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HARQ Classification
Asynchronous HARQ
Asynchronous HARQ accurately inform receiver the HARQ process ID
number
Synchronization HARQ
Synchronization HARQ implicitly inform receiver the HARQ process ID
number, for example: for TDD Uplink we can obtain current HARQ ID
from UL sub frame num.
Adaptive HARQ Retransmission
Redistribution of frequency resource for retransmission HARQ. so, it
needs to use PDCCH resource to indicate the retransmission UE
HARQ assigned frequency resource.
Non adaptive HARQ Retransmission
Retransmission HARQ use of frequency resource and the HARQ last
transmission using same frequency resource At this time the
HARQ does not require using PDCCH resources
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HARQ Procedure
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HARQ: 8 stop-and-wait processes
(UL & DL)
UL: synchronous
DL: asynchronous
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RV, CC & IR
RV (redundancy version) Used to determine the starting position of the new
transition data, value is 0 1 2 and 3.
CC (Chase combining combination: Retransmission and new transmission RV
are same, then HARQ combination if there is more than one retransmission
the CC can combination only when retransmission RV and new transmission RV
have the same value.
IR combination: when retransmission and new transmission RV are not equal
,then the HARQ can combine.
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Summa
ry
Cell Search Procedure
Downlink Transmission
SIB
RACH Procedure
Uplink Transmission
HARQ Procedure
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HAPPY LEARNING
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