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LTE Physical Layer Procedure

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Agenda
Cell Search Procedure

Downlink Transmission

SIB
RACH Procedure

Uplink Transmission

HARQ Procedure

Summary

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LTE Physical Layer - Introduction
It provides the basic bit transmission functionality over air
LTE physical layer based on OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink
direction
This is the same for both FDD and TDD mode of operation
There is no macro-diversity in use
System is reuse 1, single frequency network operation is feasible
No frequency planning required
There are no dedicated physical channels anymore, as all resource mapping
is dynamically driven by the scheduler
FDD
Frequency band ..1
..
Frequency band ..
.. 2

TDD
Single
.. frequency band ..

Downlink Uplink

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Initial Procedure

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Cell Search
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal
(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation
+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

UE
2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal
(Frame synchronisation
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
eNodeB

Physical Cell Identities

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Synchronization Signals -FDD

PSS
Using non-coherent detection, estimate 5msec timing and physical-layer identity
Channel estimation information for SSS
SSS
Physical-layer identity (Cell ID) is obtained
Mapped to one of 168 cell ID groups (168 ID groups for 504 Cell IDs)
Radio-frame timing (10msec) identification
Max # of hypotheses;336 hypotheses (2x168: 2 for half frame, 168 for ID groups)
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Synchronization Signals -TDD

DwPTS and Location of PSS and SSS


P-SCH is always transmitted in the 3rd OFDM symbol of DwPTS (subframes 1 and 6)
PDCCH in DwPTS (subframes 1 and 6) may span 1 or 2 OFDM symbols
Data is transmitted after the control region as in other DL subframes
Same cell specific RS patterns as in other DL subframes,
RS in GP are muted

UpPTS
SRS transmission on UpPTS
Agreement on 1 SRS symbol in UpPTS.
Discuss further whether 2 SRS symbols in UpPTS.

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Frequency Synchronization PSS
3 different PSS
sequences
Length 63 Zadoff-Chu corresponding to 3
Sequence different cell IDs.
Zadoff Chu They could be
Sequences are generated by using
based on CAZAC ZCM(0)ZCM(1) ZCM(62) a different root
= Constant Five zeros Five zeros sequence M for the
Amplitude Zero 0 0 0 0 Zadoff-Sequences
Auto-Correlation Cell ID Root index
sequences OFDM (M)
Modulator 0 25
1 29
2 34
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)


PSS structure in frequency domain -> only 62 subcarriers out of 72 used. This
is because the length of the Zadoff-Chu Sequence is 63 (d.c. not included)
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PSS Primary Synchronisation
Signal
Time slot (0.5 ms) syncronization
PSS placed strategically at the beginning and middle of frame
Estimation is vendor specific (matched filtering)
Frame ambiguity of 0.5 ms

Find physical layer cell ID


1 out of 3 sequences sent on PSS
1 to 1 mapping with the physical cell ID (table specified by 3GPP*)
The cell ID group not known yet

UE
eNo
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Frequency Synchronization SSS
a , b = two different 2 different SSS per cell:
cyclic shifts of a single SSS0 in subframe 0 and SSS1
Length-31 binary in subframe 5.
length-31 sequence
binary sequence SSS0 and SSS1 have the
a0a1 a30 b0b1 b30 same
structure but are shifted in
frequency domain
The cyclic shift is
0 0 0 0
Dependent on the
Physical layer cell
ID group (1..168) OFDM
Modulator
62 subcarriers (d.c. not included)

SSS0 in
subframe
0
SSS1 in
subframe
5
72 subcarriers (d.c. not included)
SSS structure in frequency domain
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SSS Secondary Synchronisation
Signal
Frame (10 ms) synchronization
2 different sequences depending on the cell group are sent: SSS0 and
SSS1
By observing the combination of pairs SSS0 and SSS1 the UE can
identify either the beginning or the middle of the frame
Example: the sequence SSS0-PSS is indicating the begining of the
frame, SSS1-PSS the middle of the frame

Find physical layer cell ID group


Sequences SSS0 and SSS1 are mapped with the cell id group 1..168
(table specified by 3GPP*)
The combination of SSS0 and SSS1 is giving the cell ID group

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PSS and SSS Frame in Frequency and
Time Domain for FDD Case
PSS and SSS
Frequency

6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz


SSS

(minimum LTE Bandwidth)


PSS

Reference signals

Unused RE

5 ms repetition Time
period

10 ms Radio frame

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Cell Search

3. DL Reference Signals
(Channel estimation & measurements
like CPICH in UMTS)
UE
4. PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
(MIB DL system bandwidth, PHICH
eNodeB configuration, SFN)

PBCH and the Master Information Block

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DL Reference Signals
Three types of downlink reference signals are defined:
Cell-specific reference signals, associated with non-MBSFN transmission (unicast RS)
MBSFN reference signals, associated with MBSFN transmission
UE-specific reference signals (Dedicated RS)
There is one reference signal transmitted per downlink antenna port.
REs used for RS transmission on any of the antenna ports in a slot shall not be used

Used for:

1) DL channel quality measurements


2) DL channel estimation for coherent demodulation at the UE

1) Too many signals reduce the DL capacity


2) Too less signals may be not be enough for channel estimation
3) Easy to be found by UEs

Like CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) in UMTS

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Frequency DL Reference Signals
First slot Second slot
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1 reference symbol to
every 6th subcarrier
In one RB (resource block = 12
subcarriers): every 3rd subcarrier

Reference signal

*Normal CP (cyclic prefix) assumed

Time
In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols
per Time slot (Sy 0 & Sy 4)

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Different Reference Signals Frequency Shift
Frequency

Shift = 0 Shift = 1 Shift = 5

Time
Reference signal

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Cell-specific Reference Signals in Case of Multi-
Antenna Transmission

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1

Reference signal Unused symbol

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Antenna Port Layering

R0 R0

0 R0
R1
R0
R1

R0 R0
1 R1 R1

R0 R0
R1 R1

R1 R1

R1

eNodeB

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Dedicated Reference Signals
Dedicated RS

Frequency
DRS (antenna port 5) pattern for normal
CP
DRS pattern with 12 DRS per RB pair
Support of DRS operation is a UE
capability of FDD/TDD
DRS pattern for extended CP for 12
RS per RB: FFS
CQI estimation
Time
CQI estimation (DL) is always based
Dedicated RS with
on Common RS (CRS) Common RS
RS Port 0

RS Port 1
DRS (Antenna
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PBCH Design Criteria

Detectable without the knowledge of system Bandwidth


mapped to the central 72 subcarriers
over 4 symbols
during second slot of each frame

Low system overhead & good coverage


Send minimum information only the MIB (Master Information
Block)
SIBs (System Information Blocks) are sent on PDSCH

MIB (Master Information Block) content:


DL system Bandwidth
PHICH configuration (PHICH group number)
System frame number SFN

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PBCH
The bit scrambling of the PBCH depends on the physical cell ID
Known from synchronisation

PBCH uses QPSK only

One MIB sent in 40 ms (repetition pattern)

1920 bits or 1728 bits are to be transmitted for normal or extended CP

4 OFDM-symbol durations x 72 RE's are used

-> 4 x 72 = 288 symbols per radio frame

U
eNode E
B
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PBCH Mapping
Slot Slot
0 1

Frequency
6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz
SSS (minimum LTE Bandwidth)

PSS

Reference signals

Unused RE

PBCH

Time

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PBCH Repetition Pattern

one radio frame = 10 ms


72 subcarriers

Repetition Pattern of PBCH = 40 ms

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DL Transmission
Process description:

The eNodeB is broadcasting the Reference Signals (like CPICH in UMTS)

The UE is performing measurements on Reference Signals

Based on the measurements the UE is generating the CQI

The CQI is transmitted to the eNodeB

UE Proposes eNB an optimum MCS so BLER is on target

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DL Transmission
1. DL Reference signals

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

(CQI based on DL reference signals


measurements)
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator
Channel
(How many symbols (1,2,3) in the
beginning of the sub-frame are for PDCCH)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
(Downlink assignment for PDSCH: UE
Modulation & coding, resource blocks)
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
eNodeB (user data -> initial transmission)
6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)
7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
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DL Transmission
The Node-B scheduler should decide based on CQI:
The number of UEs to be scheduled
The allocated resource block (time & frequency)
Modulation and coding scheme
MIMO used or not

The decision is sent to the UE in the Control Channel Region of the subfame
(1ms) (on PDCCH) together with the allocated resource blocks

The actual user data is sent to the UE on the remaining simbol Data
Region (on PDSCH)

PDC
CH
PDS
CH

UE
eNodeB

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PCFICH
CCFI (Control format indication)
Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1, 2 or 3) used for
transmission of PDCCHs in a subframe.
PCFICH carries CCFI.
The number of bits: 32 bits
Cell-specific scrambling prior to modulation.
Modulation: QPSK
16 RE Resource Elements distributed in frequency
Sent in the first 3 symbols of the subframe
Mapping to resource elements: four groups of four contiguous REs not used for
RS in the first OFDM symbol
Spread over the whole system bandwidth
Same mapping for 1, 2 and 4 antennas
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PCFICH Structure
2 input bits are enough to signal the PDCCH size: 1, 2 or 3
symbols 4

2 bits Rate 1/16 32 bits 32 bits QPSK


block code Scrambling modulation 16
symbols 4

subcarriers
D.C.

72
One Resource
Element Group 4
(REG) = 4 RE

PCFICH resource elements


Resource elements reserved 4
for reference symbols

Time
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PDCCH Resource Adjustment
from PCFICH
First subframe Second subframe
(1ms) (1ms)
12 subcarriers
Frequency

Time
Control region
Control region 3 OFDM
- symbols
1 OFDM symbol
Indicated by
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PDCCH Design
Several PDCCHs could be transmitted in one subframe
One PDCCH contains DCI = DL control information
DCI could indicate:
Uplink scheduling grants for PUSCH
Downlink scheduling assignments for PDSCH
TPC command for PUSCH and PUCCH
The DCI may have different size (depending on the information e.g. scheduling or
power control command different formats possible)
The number of bits for one PDCCH may change based on channel conditions:
UE at cell edge more bits per PDCCH
UE close to BTS less bits per PDCCH

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Size Of The PDCCH Region
Subframe Subframe
0 Subframe
1 Subframe
2 Subframe
3 4
SubframeSubframe
5 6

Frequency

PDCCH region
1,2,3 OFDM
symbols
in the beginning
of the subframe

not allocated by
PCFICH, PHICH

0 1
Slot 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No.
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PDCCH Format
DCI format [Detailed in TS36.212]
PDCCH carrier Downlink Control Information (DCI)
Multiple DCI formats are defined based on type of information

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Resource Element Group

1 RE

1 RE
REG
1 RE

1 RE
9 REG

...
1 CCE

REG

1 CCE = 94 = 36
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Size Of One PDCCH
PDCCH format Number of CCE's Number of RE Number of
id groups PDCCH bits

0 1 9 72

1 2 18 144

2 4 36 288

3 8 72 576

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PDCCH Size
Allocation for UE 1
PCFICH

PHICH

PDCCH

UE 1

Allocation for UE 2
Frequency

Time
UE 2
REG = Resource Elements
Groups
RE = Resource Elements
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PDCCH
Aggregation of CCE

Tree-based aggregation with 1, 2, 4, 8 CCE


1-CCE start on any CCE position (i=0,1,2,3,4,...)
2-CCE every second location (i=0,2,4,6,...)
4-CCE on every fourth (i=0, 4, 8, ...)
8-CCE on every eight position (i=0, 8, ...)
The number of available CCEs in a cell depends on
Semi-static: bandwidth, #antenna ports, PHICH conf, ...
Dynamic: PCFICH value

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PDCCH Blind Decoding

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PDCCH Format restriction

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RB assignments on PDCCH

Resource Allocation Type 0, 1 and 2

Type 0 10011101
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Type 1 10011101 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Subset
Subset
0
1
+subset 1 Subset 2
Subset 3

Type 2
start+length

Type 2 uses the same method as for UL grants (and same PDCCH payload size)

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Paging In LTE FDD Mode
Used for network originated services (e.g. VoIP)

The UE is sleeping most of the time to save battery power

The UE wakes up periodically to listen to the PDCCH to see if there is some


indication for paging
PDCCH acting like the Paging Indicator Channel in UMTS
How often the UE wakes-up is sent to the UE in SIB 2
If the UE is identifying on the PDCCH a group identity used for paging
(P-RNTI) then it wakes-up and looking for paging

The actual paging channel PCH is sent on PDSCH


An UE identity sent (S-TMSI)

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PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared
Channel
Contain the actual user data from DL-SCH

Use the available Resource Elements

Allocation is signalled by PDCCH

Also used for:

SIBs (System Information Block) of the


system information

Paging

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Resource Allocation Type 0
Example: 50 RBs are grouped into:
17 RBGs:16 RBGs of 3 RBs + 1 RBG of 2 RBs.
RBG = Resource Block Group
RB = Resource Block
The bitmap 0 -> the group is not allocated, 1 the group is
allocated
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

The bitmap

Resource Allocation Type 2:


Principle:
Contiguous allocation: the resource allocation is indicated as start
position (resource block) and length of resource blocks allocation
Advantage: Less bits required for signaling
Disadvantage: Only frequency-contiguous allocations possible
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Resource Allocation Type 1
Example: 50 RBs are organised into 3 RBG subsets of 18, 17 and 15 RRBs.
RBG = Resource Block Group
RB = Resource Block
Offset

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

2 bits showing
the number of The bitmap
Subsets:
3 subsets (the
second subset
in this example)

Offset 0

Offset 1

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Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe 3 Subframe 4 ..

Frequency
SSS

PSS

PBCH

PCFICH

PHICH

PDCCH

Reference signals

PDSCH UE1

0 Slot1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PDSCH UE2 No.
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System Information
System Information ( )

MIB
Sent on PBCH!
40 ms repetition UE

MIB: Master Information Block


eNodeB
IB: System Information Block
FN: System Frame Number
SIB 1
Fixed repetition 80 ms
Indicates the allocation of the
other SIBs 2...11

SIB 2 SIB 3 SIB 4 SIB 11

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Example Of mapping To Channels

MIB SIB1 SIB2 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5

SI SI

BCCH BCCH BCCH

BCH DL-SCH DL-SCH

TTI= 40 TTI=80 TTI= 160 TTI= 320

PBCH PDSCH PDSCH

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System Information
Cell access related information (PLMN, cell identity, Tracking Area code etc.)
Information for cell selection
SIB 1 TDD configuration
- Information about time-domain scheduling of the remaining SIBs

SIB 2 - Access barring information


Radio resource configuration of common channels (e.g. PCCH)
Frequency information (UL UARFCN, uplink bandwidth)

SIB 3 Cell-reselection information that is common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or


inter-RAT cell re-selection.

SIB 4 Neighbor cell related information only for intra-frequency cell re-selection.

SIB 5 Inter-frequency cell re-selection like E-UTRAN related information


Inter-frequency neighboring cell related information

SIB 6 UTRA FDD and TDD frequency information for cell reselection

SIB 7 - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the GERAN

SIB 8 - Information relevant only for cell re-selection to the cdma2000 system.

SIB 9 - Home eNodeB identifier

SIB 10 - Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification

SIB 11 - Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) secondary notification

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System Information Blocks
MI SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB SIB
System Parameters Related to B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cell Selection Info x
PLMN-id x
Tracking Area Code x
Cell Id x
Cell Barred x
Frequency Band Indicator x
SIB Scheduling x
UL EARFCN x
UL Bandwith x
DL Bandwith x
Common Radio Resource Conf x
Paging Info x
Cell Reselection x
Neighbouring Cells -intra frequency x
Neighbouring Cells -inter frequency x
Inter RAT reselection (UTRAN) x
Inter RAT reselection (GRAN) x
Inter RAT reselection (CDMA2000) x
home eNodeB x
ETWS notification MobileComm
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PHICH
PHICH = PHY Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel
HARQ acknowledgements for UL-SCH transmission
As many PHICH channels as the number of UEs in the cell
A set of PHICH channels is multiplexed on the same resource elements (8
normal CP, 4 extended CP)
Transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe
Occupies 3 resource element groups (REGs) = 12 resource elements (RE)
PHICH response comes 4 sub-frames after PU-SCH

Processing
of PHICH
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PHICH Structure
PHICH carries the HARQ ACK/NACK, which indicates whether the eNodeB has
correctly received a transmission on the PUSCH
PCFICH resource elements
HARQ Indicator 1
Reference
symbols

PHICH resource elements


Repetition coding 1 1 1

Walsh + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1 + -1
spreading 1 1 1 1 1 1

D.C.
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Random Access-Initial Access

Random access procedure handled by MAC and PHY Layer through PRACH (in
UL) and PDCCH ( in DL)
RACH only carries the preambles and occupies 6 resource blocks in a subframe

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Random Access Response
The random access procedure is performed for the following five events:
Initial access from RRC_IDLE;
RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure;
Handover;
DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access
procedure;
UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED requiring random access
procedure;
E.g. when UL synchronization status is "non-synchronized" or there are no
PUCCH resources for SR available.

The random access procedure takes two distinct forms:


Contention based (applicable to all five events);
Non-contention based (applicable to only handover and DL data arrival).

Normal DL/UL transmission can take place after the random access procedure.

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Random Access-Initial Access

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Initial Access
1. PRACH Preamble

2. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel


(Random Access response, ID of the
received preamble, UL resources for TX,
C-RNTI)

3. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel


(RRC: RRC Connection Request,
C-RNTI, UE
eNodeB TMSI or random number)

4. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel


(Contention Resolution,
C-RNTI & TMSI)
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PRACH Preamble Received at the eNodeB
PRACH slot duration

GT = Guard Time

UE close
Other Other
to the users CP Preamble users
eNodeB

Observation interval

UE at the
Other Other
Cell edge users CP Preamble users

CP = Cyclic Prefix It can be seen that the UE at


cell edge is using almost all
Guard Time
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PRACH Formats and Cell Ranges
1 ms CELL RANGE

800 s 100 s

C G 14 Km
Format 0 P Preamble T

2 ms

684 s 800 s 520 s

Format 1 CP Preamble GT 77 Km

2 ms

203 s 1600 s 200s

Format 2 CP Preamble Preamble GT 29 Km

3 ms

684 s 1600 s 720 s

Format 3 CP Preamble Preamble GT 100 Km


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PRACH Formats
Four Random Access (RA) preamble formats are defined for Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) operation.

Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its Cyclic Prefix CP

Preamble Format TCP (s) TSEQ (s) Typical usage

0 103.13 800 Normal 1 ms RA burst with 800 s


preamble sequence, for smallmedium
cells (up to 14 km)
1 684.38 800 2 ms RA burst with 800 s preamble
sequence, for large cells (up to 77 km)
without a link budget problem
2 203.13 1600 2 ms RA burst with 1600 s preamble
sequence, for medium cells (up to 29
km) supporting low data rates
3 684.38 1600 3 ms RA burst with 1600 s preamble
sequence, for very large cells (up to
100 km)
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Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and
PUCCH
PRACH slot
Duration( e.g. 1ms)

PUCCH
Total UL Bandwidth

PRACH
PRACH PRACH bandwidt
h
(1.08MHz
)
PUSCH

PRACH slot period

PUCCH
Time

UL PRACH is orthogonal with the data in PUCCH and PUSCH (reserved


resources)
Reserve resources for PRACH preambles
Frequency: 6 Resource Blocks x 180 KHz = 1,08 MHz
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PUCCH
PUCCH = PHY Uplink Control Channel
Used for L1/L2 signaling
Scheduling request
ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH
transmission
Feedback on DL channel quality
(CQI/PMI/RI)
Used only when there is no scheduled
PUSCH transmission (single carrier TX)
Uses PRBs at the very end of the
allocated channel bandwidth
Increases frequency diversity
Allows scheduling of larger resource
chunks for uplink transmission
Number of PRBs is configured by the Note: PUCCH performs
network in a semi-static manner frequency hopping between
Bandwidth of a single resource block in two slots of a subframe
a subframe is shared by several UEs
Economical use of allocated resources
Reduces signaling overhead MobileComm Professionals,
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PUCCH
PUCCH = PHY Uplink Control Channel
Used for L1/L2 signaling
Scheduling request
ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH transmission
Feedback on DL channel quality (CQI/PMI/RI)
Used only when there is no scheduled PUSCH
transmission (single carrier TX)
Uses PRBs at the very end of the allocated
channel bandwidth
Increases frequency diversity
Allows scheduling of larger resource chunks for
uplink transmission
Number of PRBs is configured by the network in
a semi-static manner
Bandwidth of a single resource block in a
subframe is shared by several UEs
Note: PUCCH performs frequency
Economical use of allocated resources

hopping between two slots of a
Reduces signaling overhead
subframe

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PUCCH Formats

PUCCH format Modulation Purpose Bits/subframe


1 On/off keying Scheduling requests N/A
1a BPSK ACK/NACK for SIMO 1
1b QPSK ACK/NACK for MIMO 2
2 QPSK CQI/PMI/RI 20
2a QPSK+BPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NA 21
CK for SIMO
2b QPSK+QPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NA 22
CK for MIMO

Note 1: There are 2 formats: Format 1 (1, 1a and 1b) and Format 2 (2, 2a and 2b)
Note 2: PUCCH power offset depends on the PUCCH format

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PUCCH Format 1
Small in size (1 or 2 bits)
Used for
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
Scheduling request

By using different cyclic shifts and different covers sequences,


multiple users may be multiplexed on the same PUCCH resource
Typically there are 6 shifts and 3 cover sequences 18 UEs per
PUCHH resource

Note: Format 1 is repeated in two corresponding slots in the


subframe

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PUCCH Format 2
Larger in size (20, 21 or 22 bits)
10 bits for CQI report
2 bits for ACK/NACK
Used for
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
Scheduling request
CQI/PMI and RI information
By using different cyclic shifts of the CAZAC
sequence multiple UEs may be multiplexed on
one PUCCH resource
Format 1 and 2 share the same basic format

Note: for Format 2, both CQI report and ACK/NACK


information are sent
Processing of CQI
report

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UL Synchronisation
DL synchronisation already there from cell search procedure
UL time synchronization to be done:
The start of UL frame is relative to the start of a DL frame
Due to propagation delay between BS-UE -> relative delay which is monitored
relative to the start of the DL frame
the UE may start the PRACH preamble at different distances in the cell ->
different relative delay
Use a guard band to solve this uncertainty

UE
eNodeB

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PUCCH and PUSCH Multiplexing

PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms PUCCH contains UCI = UL Control Information


UCI could indicate:
Scheduling requests
Time HARQ ACK/NACK for DL transmission
CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
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Uplink Transmission

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Uplink Reference Signals

Associated with transmission of


uplink data on PUSCH or PUCCH
Demodulation Used for channel estimation for
Reference Signals coherent detection and
demodulation (both PUCCH and
PUSCH)

Not associated with UL data


Sounding Reference transmissions
Used for estimation of the UL
Signals
channel quality to enable the
channel dependent scheduling

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Design of Demodulation Reference
Signals DRS
Position of DRS
Time domain:
For PUCCH: the number and the exact position of the DRS is dependent on the
format (1/1a/1b or 2/2a/2b) used
For PUSCH: every 4th symbol in every time
slot (the 3rd symbol for the extended cyclic prefix)

Frequency domain:
DRS has the same bandwidth like
the UL transmission of the terminal

urc e
Re so
k
Bloc

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Uplink DRS Multiplexed With
PUCCH
PUCCH
Total UL Bandwith

PUSCH
Frequency

12 subcarriers

PUCCH

1 subframe = 1ms

Time

ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK ACK ACK DRS DRS DRS ACK ACK

CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI DRS CQI CQI CQI DRS CQI

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ACK = Acknowledgment Simbol number (normal CP)


CQI = Channel Quality Indicator
DRS = Demodulation Reference Signals
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Intra-Cell Interference

How can multiple terminals perform


random access attempt at the same time
without collision?

eNodeB

64 different orthogonal Preambles available in


each cell obtained by cyclic shift of a Zadoff-
Chu sequence
If however collision is happening (2 UEs using
the same preamble) -> contention resolution
process

UE UE
A UE C
B

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Sounding Reference Signals SRS
The SRS can be used for:

initial Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection

initial power control for data transmissions

timing advance

Frequency dependent scheduling for the UL

eNodeB UE
A

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Sounding Reference Signals SRS
Why Demodulation References Signals
cannot be used instead of SRS? Slot 1 Subframe Slot
0 2

The demodulation reference signals are


only sent on the transmitted bandwidth!
PUSC DM RS
H
We need an estimation of the whole

36 Subcarriers
spectrum so the SRS may cover a
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).

The SRS is not necessarily transmitted


together with any physical channel

SRS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
5 6
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Sounding Reference Signals SRS
Subframe 0
Why Demodulation References Signals Slot 1 Slot 2
cannot be used instead of SRS?

The demodulation reference signals


are only sent on the transmitted PUSC DM RS
bandwidth! H

36 Subcarriers
We need an estimation of the whole
spectrum so the SRS may cover a
different, often larger, frequency span
than for example PUSCH (if they are
transmitted together).
The SRS is not necessarily
transmitted together with any physical
channel
SRS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4
5 6
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Duration And Periodicity Of SRS
Transmissions
2 ms (SRS minimum
transmission periodicity)

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 2

16 RBs

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UL Transmission
1. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or
PUSCH)
(UL scheduling request)
2. UL Sounding Reference Signal
(used by Node-B for channel dependent scheduling)

3. UL Demodulation Signal

(UL channel estimation, demodulation, Like


DPCCH in UMTS)
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
eNodeB UE
(UL grant capacity allocation) A
5. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(user data initial transmission)
6. PHlCH Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
(ACK/ NACK for HARQ)

7. PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel


(user data eventual re-transmission) MobileComm Professionals,
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HARQ Overview
HARQ=FEC+ARQ

FEC Forward error correction coding, used to correct the mistakes in the
channel often appear to reduce weight and improve the system through the
efficiency;

ARQ Automatic request retransmission, used to correct the mistake, of FEC


can't correct to enhance the system reliability

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HARQ Classification
Asynchronous HARQ
Asynchronous HARQ accurately inform receiver the HARQ process ID
number
Synchronization HARQ
Synchronization HARQ implicitly inform receiver the HARQ process ID
number, for example: for TDD Uplink we can obtain current HARQ ID
from UL sub frame num.
Adaptive HARQ Retransmission
Redistribution of frequency resource for retransmission HARQ. so, it
needs to use PDCCH resource to indicate the retransmission UE
HARQ assigned frequency resource.
Non adaptive HARQ Retransmission
Retransmission HARQ use of frequency resource and the HARQ last
transmission using same frequency resource At this time the
HARQ does not require using PDCCH resources

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HARQ Procedure

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HARQ: 8 stop-and-wait processes
(UL & DL)

UL: synchronous

DL: asynchronous

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RV, CC & IR
RV (redundancy version) Used to determine the starting position of the new
transition data, value is 0 1 2 and 3.
CC (Chase combining combination: Retransmission and new transmission RV
are same, then HARQ combination if there is more than one retransmission
the CC can combination only when retransmission RV and new transmission RV
have the same value.
IR combination: when retransmission and new transmission RV are not equal
,then the HARQ can combine.

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Summa
ry
Cell Search Procedure

Downlink Transmission

SIB
RACH Procedure

Uplink Transmission

HARQ Procedure

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HAPPY LEARNING

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.


www.mcpsinc.com

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