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Generator Sinkron
GENERATOR SINKRON
Revolving Field Synchronous Generator
Most common also known as alternator
Stationary armature with 3-phase winding on
stator
3-phases directly connected to load
Rotating magnetic field created by DC field
winding on rotor, powered by slip-rings / brushes
Producing the DC field
For both stationary and revolving fields, DC supply is
normally produced by DC generator mounted on same
shaft as rotor.
Permanent magnets can also produce DC field used
increasingly in smaller machines as magnets get
cheaper.
Number of Poles
The number of poles on a synchronous
generator depends upon the speed of
rotation and desired frequency
Cylindrical rotors
Used for high-speed applications (steam/gas turbines).
Minimum number of poles is 2, so for 50Hz the
maximum speedis 3000rpm.
High speed of rotation produces strong centrifugal
forces, which impose upper limit on the rotor diameter.
ROTOR GENERATOR SINKRON
Field Excitation and Exciters
DC field excitation is an important part of the
overall design of a synchronous generator
The field must ensure not only a stable AC
terminal voltage, but must also respond to
sudden load changes rapid field response is
important.
Main and pilot exciters are used
Brushless excitation systems employ power
electronics (rectifiers) to avoid brushes / slip ring
assemblies
A brushless exciter: a low 3-phase current is rectified and used to supply
the field circuit of the exciter (located on the stator).
The output of the exciters armature circuit (on the rotor) is rectified and
used as the field current of the main machine.
To make the excitation of a generator completely independent of any
external power source, a small pilot exciter is often added to the circuit.
The pilot exciter is an AC generator with a permanent magnet mounted on
the rotor shaft and a 3-phase winding on the stator producing the power
for the field circuit of the exciter.
Exciter: provides dc power to the generator field winding
Regulator: processes and amplifies input control signals to a level and
form appropriate for control of the exciter
Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator: senses generator
terminal voltage, rectifies and filters it to dc quantity and compares with
a reference;
Power system stabilizer: provides additional input signal to the
regulator to damp power system oscillations
Limiters and protective circuits: ensure that the capability limits of
exciter and generator are not exceeded
Types of Excitation Systems
Q S sin S 1 pf 2 ,
Real Power
Power Factor=
Apparent Power
US DOE Industries of the Future Workshop
Series
Reactive Power for Voltage
Support
VARs flow from High voltage Reactive
to Low voltage; import of Loads
VARs indicate reactive
power deficit
KOMPENSATOR DAYA REAKTIF
67
68
Untuk menghitung besarnya daya reaktif dapat dilakukan melalui
tabel kompensasi, tabel ini menyajikan suatu data dengan input
faktor daya mula mula sebesar Cos 1 dan faktor daya yang
diinginkan Cos 2 maka besarnya faktor pengali dapat dilihat
melalui tabel kompensasi, dengan kasus yang sama tetapi
diselesaikan dengan Tabel Cos Untuk Kompensasi
.
Data semula adalah :
Daya semu S = 22 MVA, Tegangan 20 kV, 3 Phasa, 50 Hz, Cos 1 =
0.5 lag, Cos 2 = 0.95 lag
Perhitungan :
Dari nilai Cos 1 = 0.5 lag sebelum dan Cos 2 = 0.95 lag yang
diinginkan maka dilihat dalam Tabel Cos nilainya adalah 1,4.
Kemudian tentukan nilai daya real P :
P = S Cos 1
P = 22 x 106 x Cos 0,5
P = 11 MW
setelah nilai daya aktif diketahui maka tinggal dikalikan dengan hasil
pengali yang diperoleh dari Tabel Cos , yaitu :
Q = 11 MVA R x faktor pengali
Q = 11 MVA R x 1,4 = 15,4 MVAR
Nilai Q tersebut adalah besarnya koreksi daya reaktif untuk
mengubah menjadi Cos 2 = 0.95
Kontrol daya aktif dan reaktif
Daya aktif : berkaitan dengan
pengontrolan frekuensi
kecepatan generator
Daya reaktif : berkaitan dengan
pengontrolan tegangan output
generator.
FREQUENCY CONTROL
TASKS OF THE TSO
Frequency control
Primary frequency control
Compensate for short-term unbalances at local level
Stabilize frequency within acceptable range around
set point
Secondary and tertiary frequency control
Control the load-generation balance at the
programmed export-import
Contribute to bringing the frequency back to its set
point
Relieve the primary control reserve after an incident
Scheduled (set point) frequency (time
control)
control centre in Gandul - Depok
To account for the Synchronous Time deviations
50.01 or 49.99 Hz for the whole day
TASKS OF THE TSO
dimana :
(s) : Perubahan kecepatan (rad/s)
H : Konstanta inersia
Pm(s) : Perubahan daya mekanik (Watt)
Pe(s) : Perubahan daya akibat perubahan beban (Watt)
Blok diagram dari persamaan di atas, yaitu :
Model beban
Dari persamaan (8.1), komponen Pe(s) merupakan penjumlahan antara komponen
frekwensi (D ) dan non-frekwensi (PL), seperti pada persamaan berikut ini :
Dasar pemodelan penggerak mula dalam hal ini sebagai contoh yaitu turbin uap
adalah melihat hubungan antara daya mekanik Pm dan perubahan posisi dari katup
(valve) PV. Model matematis turbin dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut :
Konstanta waktu turbin (T) memiliki range antara 0,2 secons sampai 2,0 seconds
Model governor
Model matematis untuk suatu governor dapat dituliskan menjadi
dengan :
Pg : daya output governor (Watt)
Preff : daya referensi/acuan (Watt)
R : speed regulation (berkisar 5 6 persen)
Daya output governor Pg tersebut diubah dari penguat hidraulik ke sinyal input
posisi katup (valve) PV, sehingga hubungan antara keduanya menjadi
Dengan g sebagai konstanta waktu governor. Sehingga persamaan (8.4) dan (8.5)
dapat direpresentasikan dalam diagram blok berikut ini :
Jika representasi diagram blok pada gambar (8.4), (8.5) dan (8.6) digabungkan, maka
akan diperoleh suatu model load frequency control (LFC) seperti pada gambar berikut
ini
PENGENDALIAN DAYA REAKTIF DAN TEGANGAN
0.8 pf
line Stator Winding Heating Limit
- Per unit MVAR
Normal Excitation
(Q = 0, pF = 1)
MW
(Under-excited)
Turbine Limit
(Q) +
Leading
Under-excitation Limit
Stability Limit
Pengendalian yang digunakan pada bagian-
bagian sistem tersebut antara lain (Prabha
Kundur, 1993):
Load S/S
Load
STATCOM STATCOM
Enhanced Increased
Import Capability Transmission Capacity
Inter-connected
Power System
Load
S/S
BTB SSSC
Static VAr compensator
(SVC)
Variable reactive
power source V
I
Can generate as well TCR
power control
Maximum and XL
minimum limits on
reactive power output
depends on limiting Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of an SVC
values of capacitive
and inductive
susceptances.
Static compensator
(STATCOM)
Voltage source converter
device
System bus
Alternating voltage source V
Depending upon Cs
Shunt Capasitor
Series Capasitor
Shunt Reactor
Synchronous Condenser
SVC
STATCOM
Distribution System
Capacitors
103
Contoh :
Hitunglah besarnya kapasitor yang harus ditambahkan ke sebuah lampu
fluoresen 20 W, 220 VAC, 50 Hz dengan faktor daya 0,4; sehingga faktor
dayanya terkoreksi menjadi 0,93
Penyelesaian :
Diketahui : P = 20 W , V = 220 VAC
cos cos
Dijawab :
Dari tabel sebelumnya: (tan tan1,896
Qc = P. (tan tan
= V2 / Xc
P. (tan tan
C = -------------------------
2. f.V2
20 . 1,896 39,816
= ------------------------- = -------------
2 . 3,14 . 50 . 2202 15197600
= 2,62 uF / 250 VAC
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
STATCOM
(Static Synchronous Compensator)
Welding Handbook
Idealized Phase Shift Heat Control
1
Firing
%Heat
Angle
Hangover Angle
Related to R/L ratio