Objective: To understand about basic aeronautics

Topics:
1. Fundamentals
2. Aeroplane Parts
3. Aeroplane Motions
4. Aeroplane Forces
5. Structural Components and its application
Aeronautics is the science of flight. Aeronautics is the method of designing an
airplane or other flying machine. There are four basic areas that aeronautical
engineers must understand in order to be able to design planes.
1. Aerodynamics is the study of how air flows around the airplane. By studying the
way air flows around the plane the engineers can define the shape of the plane. The
wings, the tail and the main body (fuselage) of the plane all affect the way the air will
move around the plane.
2. Propulsion is the study of how to design an engine that will provide the thrust that
is needed for a plane to take off and fly through the air. The engine provides the
power for the airplane. The study of propulsion is how the engineers determine the
right kinds of engine and the right amount of power that a plane will need
3. Materials and Structures is the study of what materials are to be used on the
plane and in the engine and how those materials make the plane strong enough to
fly effectively. The choice of materials that are used to make the fuselage wings, tail
and engine will affect the strength and stability of the plane. Most airplane materials
are now made out of composites, materials that are stronger and more lightweight
than most metals.
4. Stability and Control is the study of how to control the speed, direction, altitude
and other conditions that affect how a plane flies. The engineers' design the controls
that are needed in order to fly and instruments are provided for the pilot in the
cockpit of the plane. The pilot uses these instruments to control the stability of the
plane during flight.
 RADOME

A housing for a radar antenna; which is dome like nonmetallic shell, transparent to
radio waves.
COCKPIT

A compartment in the front of the airplane where the flight crew performs their job of
flying the aircraft.

FUSELAGE

The main body structure of the airplane is fuselage to which all other components
(such as wings and empennage) are attached.The fuselage contains the cockpit or
flight deck,passenger compartment and cargo compartment.

UNDERCARRIAGE (Landing Gear)

The part of an aircraft that provides support while the aircraft is on the ground. It
includes wheels, shock absorbers and support struts.
There is an undercarriage unit under the nose of the aircraft as well as
approximately midway back, under the fuselage.
 WING:
A part an airplane that is attached to the fuselage. Wings are shaped like
airfoils and are used to provide lift for the airplane

AILERONS, FLAP, SLATS AND SPOILERS:

AILERONS:
Ailerons are Control surfaces on the trailing edge of each wing that are
used to make the aircraft roll

FLAPS:
Flaps are Moveable parts of the trailing edge of a wing that are used to
increase lift at slower air speeds. Flaps increase lift by changing the shape of
the airfoil.
FLAP, LEADING EDGE:
Hinged section of the under side of the leading edge that, when extended, prevents
airflow separation over the top of the wing. Leading edge flaps hinge at the leading
edge of the airfoil.

FLAP, TRAILING EDGE:

Hinged section of the trailing edge of the wing that can be lowered and
extended.When lowered, flaps increase airplane lift at low speeds.
SLATS:
Slats are movable auxiliary airfoil located on the leading edge of the wings. When
closed, it forms part of the normal contour of the wing; when opened it forms a slot
and increases lift.

SLOT:
An elongated passage through a wing whose primary function is to improve the air
flow over the wing at high angles of attack.

Flaps and slats are used during takeoff and landing. They enable the airplane to
get off the ground quickly and to land slowly.
SPOILER
A device, normally located on the top of the wing, for changing the airflow around
a wing to reduce lift

EMPENNAGE:
The aft portion of an aircraft, usually consisting of vertical stabilizer, horizontal
stabilizer,to which control surfaces such as elevators and rudders are attached.
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER:
At the rear of the fuselage of most aircraft one finds a horizontal stabilizer and an
elevator. The horizontal stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to provide
stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The horizontal stabilizer prevents
up-and-down, or pitching, motion of the aircraft nose. It is also known as a tail plane.
The elevator is the small moving section at the rear of the stabilizer that is attached
to the fixed sections by hinges.
ELEVATORS:
Elevators are Control surfaces on the horizontal part of the tail that are used to make
The aircraft pitch. Pulling back on the control stick will raise the elevators. This causes
the aircraft to pitch and increase the angle of attack.

VERTICAL STABILIZER:
At the rear of the fuselage of most aircraft one finds a vertical stabilizer and a
rudder. The stabilizer is a fixed wing section whose job is to provide stability for the
aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer prevents side-to-side, or
yawing,motion of the aircraft nose. It is also known as a fin. The rudder is the small
moving section at the rear of the stabilizer that is attached to the fixed sections by
hinges.
RUDDER:
Rudder is a control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer that is used
to make the aircraft yaw. The rudder is controlled by rudder pedals. Pushing the left
rudder pedal will tilt the rudder to the left. This will cause the nose of the aircraft to
turn to the left.

JET ENGINE:
An engine provides the thrust force that pushes the airplane through the air.
CONTROLLING MOTION
An airplane has three control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and a rudder. Within the
cockpit, two controls operate the control surfaces. The control stick controls the
ailerons and elevators. The rudder pedals control the rudders.
Once in flight, an airplane can have six motions along and around the three axes.
TRANSLATIONAL MOTION
Motion along a straight line, such as an axis. The translational motions of an aircraft
are forward and back along the longitudinal axis, side to side along the lateral axis,
and up and down along the vertical axis.

ROTATIONAL MOTION
Pitch, roll and yaw are the rotational motions of an airplane around the lateral,
longitudinal and vertical axes.
Pitch : A rotational motion in which an airplane turns around its lateral axis. Elevators
are Control surfaces on the horizontal part of the tail that are used to make the
aircraft pitch.
Roll : A rotational motion in which the aircraft turns around its longitudinal axis.
Ailerons are Control surfaces on the trailing edge of each wing that are used to make
the aircraft roll.
Yaw : A rotational motion in which the aircraft turns around its vertical axis.
Rudder is a control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer that is used to
make the aircraft yaw.
A force may be thought of as a push or pull in a specific direction. This slide shows
the forces that act on an airplane in flight.
Weight
Weight is the force generated by the gravitational attraction of the earth on the
airplane. The weight force pulls an aircraft toward the Earth and must be overcome
by a combination of lift and thrust.
Lift
Lift is an aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the airflow around an aircraft. In
normal flight, the lift force "lifts" the aircraft into the air. But most aircraft lift is
generated by the wings.
Drag
Drag is the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion through the air.
Drag is generated by every part of the airplane. As the aircraft flies through the air, it
resists the motion of the aircraft. This resistance is due to friction between the air
molecules and the surface of the aircraft.
Factors that affect the magnitude of the drag force including: the shape of the
airplane, the "stickiness" of the air, the speed.
Thrust
Thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through
the air.The magnitude of the thrust depends on many factors associated with the
propulsion system: type of engine, number of engines, throttle setting, and speed.
 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

FAIRING:
An auxiliary structural member shaped to provide a smooth flow of air and reduce
drag of a part to which it is fitted.
DOUBLER:

A second sheet or plate installed next to the web or skin in a small area subject to
high local loads to provide a double thickness of material.
A Tripler is a third sheet to provide three layers of material.
FRAME:
A circumferential structural member in the body that supports the stringers and skin.
Used in semimonocoque construction (see MONOCOQUE).

DECK:
The horizontal floor in the control cabin or passenger cabin. The horizontal
structure to support fuselage tank
BULKHEAD:
A heavy structural member in the fuselage to contain pressures or fluids or to disperse
concentrated loads. A heavy circumferential frame that may or may not be entirely
closed by a web.
LONGERON:
A principal longitudinal member of the framing of an aircraft fuselage.
Usually continuous across a number of points of support.

SKIN:
The outside covering of an aircraft.
STIFFENER:
A metal part, other than flat sheet, formed or extruded and used in the framing of a
structure to provide rigidity.
STRINGER:
Longitudinal members in the fuselage or span wise members in the wing to transmit
skin loads into the body frames or wing ribs.
WEB:
A thin-gage plate of sheet, when supported by stiffening angles and framing, provides
great shear strength for its weight. Used in many applications throughout an aircraft
because of its strength to weight ratio.
RIB:
A light structure conforming to the shape of the airfoil over which the skin is attached
and which transfers the air load to the spars.

CLIP:
Sometimes called as a bracket. Usually a small angle used to attach light
weight parts such as wiring clamps
SPARS:
A principal span wise beam in the structure of a wing, stabilizer. It is usually a
primary load carrying member in the structure.
CHORD
Sometimes called as a cap. A strong member that forms the edges of beam structures
or heavy frames.
HAT SECTION:
The cross-section shape of the stringers used in the fuselage. A common rolled
shape that looks like a top hat with the brim curled up.