Behavior of Composite Concrete-

Castellated Steel Beams in Flexure

 Introduction
The name of castellated beam come from web holes that formed by
sawing the web to a castle shape and re-assembling to form these
holes. The producing of castellated beam from rolled section is done
by separating the rolled beam into two halves by cutting the web as
zigzag in alternative regular patterns. After that, the highest points of
the cutting come in contact and joined together by welding.
 Failure Modes of Castellated Beam

Flexural Mechanism
Under pure bending the tee sections above and below opening yield
in tension and compression until they become fully plastic.
 Vierendeel or shear mechanism
Formation of plastic hinges in tee section above opening due to exist
high magnitude of shear force.
 Lateral Torsional Buckling
Lateral torsional buckling is usually associated with longer span
beams with inadequate lateral support to the compression flange.
Rupture of Welded Joints
Occur when the horizontal shear stresses exceed the yield strength
of the weld joint.
 Twisting of the Web Post
The horizontal shear force in the web-post is associated with double
curvature bending over the height of the web post. In castellated beam
one inclined edge of the opening will be stressed in tension, and the
opposite edge in compression and buckling will cause a twisting of the
web post along its height.
 Advantages of Castellated Beam
The main advantage of the castellated beam is increasing the
depth of beam without any additional weight so that, the strength
of beam will be improved by increasing the stiffness of beam
and the bending moment capacity will be increased.

The secondary advantage of the castellated beam is its facility for

passage of services, especially with the increasing of piping and
duct works in modern structures and this leads to decrease the
total depth of the structure.
 Details of Analyzed Composite Beams

Four simply supported composite beams of 1.9 m long were modeled

using the finite element method.
These beams are divided into four groups according to the castellation
ratios of 0%, 25%, 35% and 45% .
All composite beams have full interaction between concrete slab and
steel beams.
Steel beam IPE 134mm of 415 Mpa yield stress, used for modelling
steel castellated beam.
Concrete slabs with a thickness of 60mm and 450mm width.
Concrete reinforced with one layer of 5mm diameter of deformed bars.
Headed stud shear connectors of 10 mm diameter and a 40 mm height
were set at 120mm spacing in one raw.
 Type of elements used in modelling of composite beam
Three Dimensional Nonlinear Element (Solid65) to model concrete
flange.
Elastic Shell Element (Shell63) to simulate steel beam.
Three Dimensional Spar (Link8) to represent steel reinforcement
and shear connectors.
Nonlinear Spring Element (Combine39) to simulate the behavior of
shear connectors in resisting the horizontal shear forces between
the concrete and steel flange.
Three Dimensional Solid 45 used for modeling the steel plates at
the supports and loading locations.
 Meshing of composite castellated steel beams
 Results and Discussions
The main parametric of this study is to determine the

effects of castellation ratio on:

Load Deflection Relationship

Resisting Moment
 Load Deflection Relationship.
Mid-span deflection of composite castellated steel beam decrease with
the increase of castellation ratio at any applied load.
 An increase in the applied load that cause a maximum permissible mid
span deflection with the increase in castellation ratio.
 Resisting Moment

There are an increase in moment capacity with the increasing of

castellation ratio at specified deflection.
A good relation can be created between the increase in ratio of
resisting moment of each composite beam to the resisting moment of
the composite beam with zero expansion ratio at maximum
permissible mid-span deflection and the castellation ratio. This
relation may has considerable advance to the designer when he decide
to introduce composite castellated beams in his design.
 Conclusions
The main conclusions that drawn from this investigation:

The resisting moment of the composite beam was increased with

increasing of castellation ratio at maximum permissible mid-span
deflection.

A decrease in mid-span deflection at any applied moment was noticed

with the increase of castellation ratio.

The load required to produce the maximum permissible mid-span

deflection was increased with the increase of castellation ratio.
Thanks For Attention