Dynamics of Machinery: Labmanual

LabManual Dynamics of
Machinery
Name:
(2161901)
Enrollment No.: _
Roll No.: Batch:
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
Certificate
This is to certify that, Mr. / Ms. _

Enroll no. of Sixth Semester Bachelor of
Mechanical Engineering has completed the term work
satisfactorily in Dynamics of Machinery (2161901) for the
academic year as prescribed in the GTU
curriculum.
Place: Date:
_
Subject Head of the
Coordinator Department
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
B.E. Semester VI
Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)
List of Experiments
Sr. Date of
Title Sign Remark
No. Performance
1. Study the longitudinal vibration of helical

spring and to determine the frequency and
time period of oscillation, theoretically and
actually by experiment.
2. To study the torsional vibrations of single

rotor system.
3. Study the free vibration of two rotor system

and to determine the natural frequency of
vibration theoretically & experimentally.
4. To study the damped torsional oscillation &

to determine the damping co-efficient .
5. To verify the Dunker leys Rule.
6. To study the undamped free vibration of

equivalent spring mass system.
7. To study the forced damped vibration of

equivalent spring mass system.
8. To study the forced vibration of the beam for

different damping.
9. To study the Static & Dynamic Balancing

system.
10. To study the effect of whirling of shaft.
11. To find out natural frequency of undamped

free vibration of a single degree of freedom
system a cylinder rolling in another cylinder.
12. To find out natural frequency of vibration of

double pendulum system.
13. To study jump phenomenon in the cam.

Longitudinal Vibration of Helical Spring
Experiment No. 1
1. Aim:
Study the longitudinal vibration of helical spring and to determine the frequency and time
period of oscillation, theoretically and actually by experiment.
2. Description:
One end of
open coil
spring is
fixed to the
nut having a
hole which
itself is
mounted on
a MS
strip fixed on
one side of
the main
frame. The
lower end of
the spring is
attached to
the
platform
carrying the
weights. The
stiffness of
the spring
can be
finding out
by varying Figure 1.1: Longitudinal Vibration of Helical Spring
the
weights on procedure:
3. Experimental
the platform
Fix one end of the helical spring to upper screw.
and by
Determine free length.
measuring
the
Put some weight to platform and note down the deflection.
deflection of
Stretch the spring through some distance and release.
the spring.
The
time the time required in Sec. for say 10, 20 oscillations.
Count
period of
Determine the actual period.
vibrations can be calculated by measuring the nos. of oscillation and time taken by them.
Repeat the procedure for different weights.

Page. 1.1
4. Nomenclature:
Actual natural frequency sec-1
fact
Theoretical natural frequency sec-1
ftheo m/sec2
Acceleration due to gravity
g N/m
Stiffness of the spring
k m
Length of spring
L
No. of oscillations.
n sec
Time taken by n oscillation
t sec
Actual time period
T Theoretical time period sec
ac
Weight applied N
t
Deflection of the spring. m
Tt
he
5. o Observation & calculation:
W5.1 Data:
Free length of spring, L =
f
5.2
Observation table:
Sr. Time for 10 Oscillations, t (sec)
L (m) m (Kg) (m) k (N/m)
No t1 t2 t3 t
5.3 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

Weight attached, W m g Newton
W
Spring stiffness, k

1 k
Natural frequency, f
theo m
1 2
Ttheo sec
fn

Page. 1.2
5.4 PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:

t
Time for oscillation, T sec
act n
1
Frequency, f act Hz
Tact
5.5 Result Table:
Sr. No W (N) N t (sec) Ttheo. (sec) Tact. (sec) ftheo. (Hz) fact. (Hz)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 1.3
Torsional Vibrations of Single Rotor System
Experiment No. 2
1. Aim:
To study the Torsional Vibrations of single rotor system.
2. Description:
In this
experiment,
one end of
the shaft is
gripped in
the chuck &
heavy
flywheel free
to
rotate in ball
bearing is
fixed at the
other end of
the shaft.
The bracket
with fixed
end of the
shaft can be
clamped at
any
convenient
position
along lower
beam. Thus,
length of the
shaft
can be varied
during the Figure 2.1: Undamped vibration of single rotor system
experiments.
3. Experimental
The ball Procedure:
bearing
Fix the bracket at convenient position along the lower beam.
support to
Grip one end of the shaft at the bracket by chuck.
the flywheel

providedFix the rotor on the other end of shaft.
Twist the rotor through some angle & release.
negligible
damping

during Note
thedown the time required for 10, 20 oscillations.

experiment.
Repeat the procedure for the different length of shaft.
The bearing
housing is Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)
fixed to side Page. 2.1
member of
4. Nomenclature
D Diameter of disc m
d Diameter of shaft m
Theoretical frequency sec-1
ftheo
Actual frequency sec-1
fact N/m2
Modulus of rigidity
G m/sec2
g
Polar Moment of system m4
J
Moment of inertia of disc kg m2
I
Torsional stiffness N-m/ radian
Kt
Length of shaft Nos. of m
L
oscillations Actual time
n sec
period Theoretical time
Ta sec
period
ct sec
time taken for n
Tth oscillations Kg
eo Weight of disc
t
5. Observation & calculation:
W
5.1 Data:
D = 0.19 m
d=
G = 0.8 x 1011 N/m2
g = 9.81 m/sec2
W = 2.035 kg
5.2 Observation Table:

Time for 10 Oscillations, t (sec)
Sr. No L(m)
t1 t2 t3 t

Page. 2.2
5.3 Theoretical Calculations:

J
32 d 4
Mass moment of inertia of a circular disc of radius r and mass m is
mr 2 and I mr
2
I xx I yy 4 zz 2
I WD
2
8
GJ
Kt
L
I
Ttheo 2
Kt
1
f theo
Ttheo
5.4 Experimental Calculations:

t
Tact
n
1
f act
Tact

Page. 2.3
5.5 Result Table:
Sr. No L (m) Kt Ttheo. (sec) Tact. (sec) ftheo. (Hz) fact. (Hz)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 2.4
Free Vibration of Two Rotor System
Experiment No. 3
1. Aim:
Study the Free Vibration of Two Rotor System and to determine the Natural Frequency of
Vibration Theoretically & Experimentally.
2. Description:
In this
experiment,
two discs
having
different
mass
moments of
inertia are
clamped one
at
each of the
shaft by
means of
collect and
chucks.
Attaching
the cross
lever
weights can
change Mass
moment of
inertia of
any disc. Figure 3.1: Free vibration of two rotor system
Both discs
are free to
3. oscillate
Experimental in procedure:
ball bearing.
Fix two discs to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearing.
This provides negligible damping during experiment.
Deflect the disc in opposite direction by hand and release.
Note down time required for particular number of oscillations.
Fit the cross arm to one of the discs says B and again note down the time.
Repeat the procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm
and note down the time.

Page. 3.1
4. Nomenclature:
DA Diameter of disc A m
DB Diameter of disc B m
fact Actual frequency sec-1

ftheo
Modulus of rigidity of shaft N/m2
G m/sec2
g kg m2
Moment of inertia of disc A
IA kg m2
Moment of inertia of disc B
IB (with weight on cross arm) m4
J Polar Moment of inertia
N-
kt Torsional stiffness m/radi
L an
Length of shaft
n m
Nos. of oscillations m
R sec
Radius of fixation of weight on the arm
t sec
time required for n oscillation
De
Ta Actual time period sec
ct
Theoretical time period kg
Tt Weight attached to the cross arm kg
he
Weight of disc A Kg
o
W Weight of disc B
5. Observation
1
& calculation:
5.1 Data:
WA
Dia of disc A = 0.240 m,
WB
Dia of disc B = 0.190 m,
Weight of disc A = 2.825 kg
Weight of disc B = 2.035 kg
Radius on the arm R = 0.115 m, 0.150 m
Dia of shaft d =
G = 0.8 x 1011 N/m2

Page. 3.2
5.2. Observation table:

Sr. No 'n' t (sec) W1 (kg) R (m)

d4
J
32 ,
GJ
kt
L
Mass moment of inertia of a circular disc of radius r and mass m is
mr 2 and I mr
2
I xx I yy 4 zz 2
2
WA D A
IA
8 ,
WB DB2 2W 1 R 2
IB
8 8
Ttheo 2 I AIB
kt ( I A I B )
,
1
fTheo
Ttheo
5.4 Experimental Calculations:

t
Tact
n,
1
f a ct
a ct

Page. 3.3
5.5 Result Table:

Sr. No IA (kg/m2) IB (kg/m2) Ttheo. (sec) Tact. (sec) ftheo.(sec-1) fact. (sec-1)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 3.4
Damped Torsional Oscillation
Experiment No. 4
1. Aim:
To study the Damped Torsional Oscillation & to determine the damping co-efficient .
2. Description:
This experiment consists of a long elastic shaft gripped at the upper end by chuck in the
bracket. The bracket is clamped to upper beam of the main frame. A heavy steel flywheel
clamped at the lower end of the shaft suspended from bracket. Damping drum is fixed to the
lower face of the flywheel. This drum is immersed in water, which provides damping. Rotor
can be taken up and down for varying the depth of immersion of damping drum.
Recording drum is mounted to the upper face of the flywheel. Paper is to be wrapped around
the recording drum. Oscillations are recorded on the paper with the help of specially designed
piston of dashpot. The piston carries the attachment for fixing sketch pen.
Figure 4.1: Damped Torsional Vibration
3. Experimental procedure:
With no water in the container allow the flywheel to oscillation & measure the time
for say 10 oscillations.
Put thin mineral oil (no. 10 or 20) in the drum and note the depth of immersion.
Put the sketch pen in its bracket.
Allow the flywheel to vibrate.

Page. 4.1
Allow the pen to descend. See that the pen always makes contact with paper & record
oscillation.
Determine an i.e. amplitude at any position & Entry. Amplitude after r cycle.
After complete the experiment drain the water.
4. Nomenclature:
n Critical damping factor
D Diameter of disc m
Modulus of rigidity N/m2
G
Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
g
kg m2
IJ Moment of inertia of disc
Kt Polar Moment of inertia m4
L Torsional stiffness N-m

n Length of shaft m
Nos. of oscillations
rt
no. of cycles taken for Xntr.
Tact
time required for n oscillations sec
Ttheo Actual time period sec
Theoretical time period sec

W
Xn Weight of disc kg
Amplitude of the vibration at the beginning of the measurement m
to be found from record

Xntr Amplitude of the vibration after r cycles from the record. m
n Logarithmic decrement

Depth of immersion
Sr. No X1 (mm) X2 (mm) X3 (mm) X4 (mm)
(mm)

Page. 4.2
5.3 Calculations:
1 X
n log e 1

n
X n1
n 2 n
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

Darshan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajkot Page. 4.3
5.4 Result Table:

Depth of immersion
Sr. No 1 2 3
(mm)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 4.4
Dunker leys Rule
Experiment No. 5
1. Aim:
1 1 1
To verify the Dunker leys Rule 2 2
fL fb
f2
Where: - f = Natural frequency of given beam (considering the weight of beam) with
central load W.
fL = Natural frequency of given beam (neglecting the weight of beam) with

central load W.
1 48 EIg
fL =
2 L3 W
fb = Natural frequency of the beam.
2. Description:
At rectangular bar is supported in trunion fitting at each end. Each trunion is provided in a
ball bearing carried in housing. Each bearings housing is fixed to the vertical frame member.
The beam carries at its center a weight platform.
Figure 5.1: Dunker leys Rule
3. Experimental Procedure:
Arrange the set-up as shown in figure 5.1 with some wt. W clamped to wt platform.
Pull the platform & release it to set the system in to natural vibrations.

Page. 5.1
Dunker leys Rule
Find periodic time T & frequency of vibration f by measuring time for some
act
oscillations.
Repeat experiment by putting additional masses on weight platform.
Plot graph of 1/fact Vs. W
4. Nomenclature:
b Width of beam m
E Modulus of elasticity of beam material N/m2
fL Frequency of beam sec-1
-1
fb Natural frequency of beam sec
fac
t Acceleration due to gravity. m/sec2
G Thickness of beam m
H Moment of inertia m4
I Length of the beam m

L Number of oscillations
Time taken for n oscillation sec
N Actual time period sec
Weight of beam per unit length kg
T
Central load of the beam, OR weight attached. kg
T
act
W
5.1 Data:
L = 1 m. W = 1.5 Kg/m.
W E = 2 1011 N/m2
b = 0.026 m.
h = 0.007 m.

Sr. No W (kg) n t (sec)

Page. 5.2
Dunker leys Rule

bh3
I
12
1 48 E.I
fL
2 L3 W
E.I
fB
2 w L4
1 1 1
2 2
fL fb
f2
5.3 Practical Calculations:

t
Tact
n
1
f act
Tact

Page. 5.3
Dunker leys Rule
5.4 Result Table:

Sr. No Tact. (sec) f act . (Hz) f (Hz)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 5.4
Equivalent Spring Mass System
Experiment No. 6
1. AIM:
To study the undamped free vibration of equivalent spring mass system.
To find the frequency of undamped free vibration of equivalent spring mass system.
2. DESCRIPTION:
The equipment is
designed to study
free damped and
undamped
vibration. It
consists of M.S.
rectangular beam
supported at one
end by a trunion
pivoted in ball
bearing. The
bearing
housing is fixed
to the side
member of the
frame. The other
end of beam is
supported by the
lower end of
helical spring;
upper end of the
spring is attached
to screw, which
engages with
screwed hand
wheel. The screw
can be adjusted
Figure
vertically in any 6.1: Undamped free vibration of equivalent spring mass system
convenient
position and can
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
be clamped with

the helpSupport one end of beam in the slot of trunion and clamp it by means of screw.
of lock
nut. The
exciter
Attached the other end of the beam to lower end of spring.
unit can be
Adjust
mounted at the
anyscrew to which the spring is attached with the help of hand wheel such that
positionbeam
alongis horizontal in position.
the beam. Additional known weights may be added to the weight platform under side exciter.
Page. 6.1
Weight the exciter assembly along with discs, bearing and weights platform.
Clamp the assembly at any convenient position.
Measure the distance L1 of the assembly from pivot. Allow system to vibrate freely.
Measure the time for any 10 oscillations and periodic time and natural frequency of
vibration.
Repeat the experiment by varying L1 and also putting different weights on platform.
4. Nomenclature:
fact
ftheo m/Sec2
g kg/m
Stiffness of the spring
k m
Distance of spring from pivot.
L m
Distance of w from pivot.
L1 m
Length of spring.
Li k
Total mass of exciter assembly
m g-
Equivalent mass exciter assembly se
me c2
No. of oscillations.
n /
Time taken by n oscillation sec
m
t sec
Actual time period k
Tac g-
sec
Theoretical time period
t
se
Weight attached on exciter assembly kg
c2
Tth /
kg
Weight of exciter assembly along with wt. platform.
eo m
w
5. Observation & Calculation:
W
5.1 Data:
Li = K = 930 kg/m. W = 21 Kg.
Sr. No W (kg) w (kg) Ll (m) L (m) n t (sec)

Page. 6.2
Ww
m
g
me m L12
2
Ttheo 2 me
K
1
f theo
Ttheo

t
Tact
n
1
f act
Tact
Department of Mechanical Engineering Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

Darshan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajkot Page. 6.3
5.5 Result Table:

Sr. No Tact. (sec) Ttheo. (sec) fact. (sec-1) ftheo. (sec-1)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 6.4
Forced Vibration of Equivalent Spring mass system
Experiment No. 7
1. Aim:
To study the Forced damped Vibration of Equivalent Spring Mass System.
To find the frequency of forced damped equivalent spring mass system
To find amplitude of vibration.
2. Description:
It is similar
to that
described for
exp. no. 6.
The exciter
unit is
coupled to
D.C. variable
speed
motor. RPM
of motor can
be varied
with the
speed control
unit. Speed
of rotation
can known
from the
RPM
indicator on
control Figure 7.1: - Forced damped Vibration of Equivalent Spring Mass System
panel. It is
necessary to
3. Damping
connect Arrangement:
the
damper
unit
Close the one hole of damper for light damping.
to the
Close the two holes of damper for medium damping.
exciter. Amplitude of vibration can be recorded on strip chart recorder.
Close all the three holes of damper for heavy damping.
Arrange the set-up as described for exp. no. 6
Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
Wait for 1 to 2 minutes for amplitude to build the particular forcing frequency.

Page. 7.1
Adjust the position of strip chart recorder. Take the recorder of amplitude Vs. time on
strip chart recorder by starting recorder motor. Press recorder platform on the pen
gently. Pen should be wet with ink. Avoid excessive pressure to get good result.
Take record by changing forcing frequencies.
Repeat the experiment by adjusting the holes on the piston of damper can change
different damping.
Plot the graph of amplitude vs. frequency for each damping conditions.
5. Nomenclature:
Frequency. sec-1
fa
Stiffness of spring kg/m
K
Length of spring. m
Li
RPM of motor. RPM
N
Nos. of
n
oscillations from sec
t graph.
Time for n oscillations.
6.1 Data:
Li = 0.126m K = 930 kg/m.

Sr. No N (RPM) n t (sec)
6.3 Calculations:
t
Tact
n
1
f act
Tact

Page. 7.2
6.4 Result Table:

Sr. No fa sec-1
Amplitude ( mm)
7. Conclusion:

Page. 7.3
Forced Vibration of Beam
Experiment No. 8
1. Aim:
To study the forced vibration of the beam for different damping.
To find frequency of beam at different damping.
2. Description:
In this experiment, a slightly heavy rectangular section bar than used in Expt. No. 6 is
supported at both ends in trunion fittings. Exciter unit with the weight platform can be
clamped at any conventional position along the beam. Exciter unit is connected to the
damper, which provides the necessary damping.
Figure 8.1: Forced lateral vibration of the beam for different damping
3. Damping Arrangement:
Close the one hole of damper for light damping.
Close the two holes of damper for medium damping.
Close all the three holes of damper for heavy damping.
Arrange the set-up as shown in figure 8.1.
Connect the exciter Motor to control panel.

Page. 8.1
Start the Motor and allow the system to vibrate.

Wait for 5 minutes for amplitude to build up for particular forcing frequency.
Adjust the position of strip chart recorder. Take the recorder of amplitude vs. time on
strip chart recorder by starting recorder motor.
Take record by changing forcing frequency for each damping.
Repeat the experiment for different damping.
Plot the graph of amplitude vs. frequency for each damping.

Sr. No N (RPM) n t (sec)
5.2 Calculations:
t
Tact
n
1
f act
Tact

Page. 8.2
5.3 Result Table:

Sr. No fa sec-1
Amplitude (mm)
6. Conclusion:

Page. 8.3
Static & Dynamic Balancing
Experiment No. 9
1. Objective:
To study the Static & Dynamic Balancing system.
2. Aim:
To balance the masses Statically & Dynamically of a simple rotating mass system.
To observe the effect of unbalance in a rotating mass system.
3. Introduction:
A system of
rotating
masses is said
to be in static
balance if the
combined
mass centre of
the
system lies on
the axis of
rotation.
When several
masses rotate
in different
planes, the
centrifugal
forces, in
addition to
being out of
balance, also
form couples.
A system of
rotating Figure 9.1 Static Balancing apparatus
masses is in
dynamic
4. Theory:
balance when
there does not
Conditions for static & dynamic balancing:
exist any
If a shaft carries a number of unbalanced masses such that the center of mass of
resultant
the
centrifugal
force as well
system lies on the axis of rotation, the system is said to statically balance.
as
resultant couple.couple due to all the inertia forces during rotation must be zero.
The resultant

Page. 9.1
These two conditions together will give complete dynamic balancing. It is obvious that a
dynamically balanced system is also statically balanced, but the statically balanced system
is not dynamically balanced.
Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes:

When several masses revolve in different planes, they may
be transferred to a reference plane
(written as RP), which may be defined as the plane passing
through a point on the axis of
rotation and perpendicular to it. The effect of transferring a
revolving mass (in one plane) to a
reference plane is to cause a force of magnitude equal to
centrifugal force of the revolving
mass to act in the reference plane, together with a couple of
magnitude equal to the product of
the force and the distance between the plane of rotation and
the reference plane. In order to
have a complete balance of the several revolving masses in
different planes, the following
conditions must be satisfied:
The forces in the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
The couple about the reference plane must balance, i.e. the resultant couple must be

zero.Take one of the planes, say 1as the reference plane (R.P.). The distance of all the
otherconsider
Let us now planes to themasses
four left of m
the1, reference
m2, m3 andplane may be regarded
m4 revolving in planesas1,negative,
2, 3 andand those
4 shown
to the
in fig. The right angular
relative as positive.
positions of these masses are shown in the end view Fig. The
Tabulate
magnitude, the position
angular data as inand
table. The planes
position of the are tabulated
balancing in the
mass m1insame order
plane i.e.be
1may 1, obtained
2, 3.
as discussed below:

Page. 9.2
Mass Distance
Weight Mass Radius Angle moment from plane 1 Couple
Plane
No. (m) (r) mxr (L) mxrxL
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
1(R.P.) 4 m1 r1 1 m 1 r1 0 0
2 1 m2 r2 2=00 m 2 r2 L2 m2 r2 L2
3 2 m3 r3 3 m 3 r3 L3 m3 r3 L3
4 3 m4 r4 4 m 4 r4 L4 m4 r4 L4
The position of plane 4 from plane 2 may be obtained by drawing the couple polygon with
the help of data given in column no. 8.
The magnitude and angular position of
mass m1 may be determined by
drawing the force
polygon from the given data of
column no.5 & column no.6 to some
suitable scale. Since the
masses are to be completely balanced,
therefore the force polygon must be
closed figure. The
5. Description:
closing side of force polygon is
proportional
The apparatustoconsists
the m1 rof
1. a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff rectangular main
frame. A setposition
The angular of four blocks
of massofm1
different
must beweights is provided
equal to the angle and may be detached
in anticlockwise from the
measured from
the R.P. to the line drawn on the fig. parallel to the closing side of force polygon.
shaft.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame. A
scale is provided with the apparatus to adjust the longitudinal distance of the blocks on the
shaft. The circular protractor scale is provided to determine the exact angular position of
each adjustable block.
The shaft is driven by electric motor mounted under the main frame, through a belt.
For static balancing of weights the main frame is suspended to support frame by
chains then
rotate the shaft manually after fixing the blocks at their proper angles. It should be
completely
balanced. In this position, the motor driving belt should be removed.
For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system, the main frame is suspended from the
support frame by two short links such that the main frame and the supporting frame are in the

Page. 9.3
same plane. Rotate the statically balanced weights with the help of motor. If they rotate
smoothly and without vibrations, they are dynamically balanced.
6. Utilities required:
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket with
earth connection.
Bench Area Required: 1m x 0.5 m
Insert all the weights in sequence 1- 2- 3 - 4 from pulley side.
Fix the pointer and pulley on shaft.
Fix the pointer on 0 o (2) on the circular protractor scale.
Fix the weight no. 1 in horizontal position.
Rotate the shaft after loosening previous position of pointer and fix it on 3.
Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer on 4.

Loose the pointer and rotate the shaft to fix pointer on 1.

Fix the weight no.4 in horizontal position.

Now the weights are mounted in correct position.

For static balancing, the system will remain steady in any angular position.

Now put the belt on the pulleys of shaft and motor.

Supply the main power to the motor through dimmerstat.

Gradually increase the speed of the motor. If the system runs smoothly and

without vibrations, it shows that the system is dynamically balanced.

Gradually reduce the speed to minimum and then switch off the main
supply to stop
the system.
8. Precaution & maintenance instructions:
Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200Volts and above 230 Volts
Increase the motor speed gradually.
Experimental set up should be tight properly before conducting experiment.
Before starting the rotary switch, dimmer stat should be at zero position.

Page. 9.4
9. Troubleshooting:
If the shaft is not rotate but motor rotate check both the pulleys.
If the main light is not ON check the main switch.
If the motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer stat.

L Distance between particular weight from weight 1 mm
W Mass of particular weight kg
Angle of particular weight from Reference Point degree

11.1. Observation table:
Sr.
Angle from reference line,
Plane Mass, m (gms.) Distance L (mm)
No
(degree)
1
2
3
4
11.2. Calculations Table:

Sr. Mass moment Couple m
Mass, m (gms.)
No mr rL
1
2
3
4
12. Conclusion:

Page. 9.5
Whirling of Shaft
Experiment No. 10
1. Objectives:
To study the effect of whirling of shaft with:
Both ends fixed
Both ends supported
One end fixed & one end supported
2. Aim:
To study the modes of vibration and to measure the frequency of each case.
Figure 10.1: Whirling of shaft apparatus
3. Introduction:
A rotating shaft tends to bow out with large amplitude at a certain speed of rotation. This
phenomenon is known as the whirling of the shaft. The speed at which it occurs is called the
critical speed.
4. Theory:
In actual
practice,
a
rotating
shaft
carries
different
mountin
gs and
accessor
ies in
the form
of
gears, Page. 10.1
pulleys
etc.
Whirling of Shaft
depends upon the value of eccentricity (distance between center of gravity of the pulley and
axis of rotation) but also depends upon the speed at which the shaft rotates.
The speed, at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from the axis
of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or whirling speed.
Possible Experiments with Elastic Rods
ExperimentNo. End Fixing Mode of Whirl
1 One supported other fixed 1st Mode
2 One supported other fixed 2nd Mode
3 Both end Supported 1st Mode
4. Both end Supported 2nd Mode
5 Both end fixed 1st Mode
5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus
consists of a DC
motor as the
driving unit,
which drives the
shaft supported in
fixing ends.
Fixing ends can
slide and adjust
according to the
6. UTILITIES
requirement REQUIRED:
on

the guiding
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5-15 Amp. combined socket with
earth
pipes.connection.
Motor is

connected Area
Bench Required: 2 m x 0.5 m
to the
shaft through
flexible coupling. Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)
The shafts of Page. 10.2
different
Whirling of Shaft
Fix the shaft to be tested in the fixed ends.
Supply the main power to the motor through dimmerstat.
Gradually increase the speed of motor until the first mode of vibration is not arrived.
Study the first mode of vibration and note down the corresponding speed of the shaft
with the help of hand tachometer.
Gradually increase the speed of motor again, until the second mode of vibration is not
arrived.
Study the second mode of vibration and note down the corresponding speed of
the
shaft with the help of hand tachometer.
Reduce the speed gradually and when shaft stop rotating, cut off the main
power

supply.
Repeat the experiment for the shafts of different diameters.
8. Precaution & maintenance instructions:
Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200Volts and above 230 Volts
If the revolutions of an unloaded shaft are gradually increased, it will be found that a
certain speed will be reached at which violent instability will occur, the shaft.
Deflecting in a single bow and whirling round like a skipping rope. If this speed is
maintained the deflection will become so large that the shaft will be fractured.
It is advisable to increase the speed of shaft rapidly and pass through the critical
speeds first rather than observing the 1st critical speed which increases the speed of
rotation slowly. In this process, there is a possibility that the amplitude of vibration
will increase suddenly bringing the failure of the shaft.
If the shaft speed is taken to maximum first and then reduce slowly (thus not allowing
the note the corresponding speed and then by reducing the speed further the next
mode of lower frequency can be observed without any danger of rise in amplitude as
the speed is being decreased and the inertia forces are smaller in comparison with the
bending spring forces hence possibility of buildup of dangerous amplitudes are
avoided.

It is a destructive test of shafts and it is observed that the elastic behavior of the shaft
material changes a little after testing it for a few times and it is advisable to use fresh
shafts afterwards. Fix the apparatus firmly on the suitable foundation. Always keep
apparatus free from dust.
Page. 10.3
Whirling of Shaft
9. Troubleshooting:
The main light is not ON check the main switch.
The motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer-stat.
10. Nomenclature:
A Area of shaft
m2
d1 Diameter of shaft 1
Diameter of shaft 2 m
d2
Diameter of shaft 3 M
d3
E Youngs Modulus of elasticity M
fn Frequency of transverse vibration kg/

g Acceleration due to gravity cm
2
I Moment of inertia of shaft
L1 Length of shaft 1 Hz
m/s2
L2 Length of shaft 2
L3 Length of shaft 3 m4
ms Mass of the shaft Actual
m
Na whirling speed theoretical
m
Nt whirling speed Weight of
m
W the shaft Density of shaft
kg/m
material
RPM
S Static deflection of shaft
due to mass of shaft RPM
N/m
kg/m3
11. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
m
11.1 DATA:
Acceleration due to gravity g =9.81m/sec2
Diameter of shaft 1, d1 = 3.9 10-3 m
Length of shaft 1, L1 = 1 m
Density of shaft material, = 0.0078 106 kg/m3
Youngs Modulus of elasticity, E = 2 1011 N/m2

Page. 10.4
Whirling of Shaft
11.2.1 When both the ends are fixed:

Na R.P.M.
Sr. No
1st Mode 2nd Mode
Shaft 1
Shaft 2
Shaft 3
11.2.2 When both the ends are supported:
Na R.P.M.
Sr. No
1st Mode 2nd Mode
Shaft 1
Shaft 2
Shaft 3
11.2.3 When one end is fixed and other end is supported:
Na R.P.M.
Sr. No
1st Mode 2nd Mode
Shaft 1
Shaft 2
Shaft 3
11.3 Calculations:

I
64 D 4
W mS g
mS A

A 4 d2
When both the ends are fixed:

WL4
S
384 EI
0.5616
fn
S

1.27
Nt 60 f n

Page. 10.5
Whirling of Shaft
When both the ends are supported:

5W L4
S
354 EI
0.5616
fn
S

1.27
Nt 60 f n
When one end is fix and other is supported:

W L4
S
185EI
0.5616
fn
S

1.27
Nt 60 f n

Page. 10.6
Whirling of Shaft
11.4 Result Table
I ms W A
Shaft 1
Shaft 2
Shaft 3
Both end are fixed One Fixed other supported Both end are supported
s fn Nt s fn Nt s fn Nt
m rpm m rpm m rpm
Hz Hz Hz
Shaft 1
Shaft 2
Shaft 3
12. Conclusion:

Page. 10.7
Rolling Cylinder
Experiment No. 11
1. Aim:
To find out natural frequency of undamped free vibration of a single degree of freedom
system a cylinder rolling in another cylinder.
2. Description:
In this
experiment,
two cylinders
are used.
One big half
cylinder and
other small
3. cylinder.
Experimental procedure:
Small
At first measure the diameter of the rolling cylinder.
cylinder is
Also
roll insidemeasure the diameter of cylinder surface in which we are interested to roll
the biganother
half cylinder.
cylinder.

MaterialThenofmake free the rolling cylinder in cylindrical surface. So, that it can continue with
big half
motion.
cylinder
is
Note the time for 10 oscillations.
wood, where
Repeat the procedure for different diameter roller and different material roller.
as material
for small
4. cylinder
Nomenclature:is
wood,
r
Aluminum Radius of smaller cylinder m
and
R MS. of bigger cylinder
Radius m
Dimension
g Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
of big
cylinder
n is of oscillations
Nos.
fixed,
n where as dimensions
natural frequency of small cylinder is vary. sec-1

fact
sec-1
Theoretical natural frequency
ftheo sec
Actual time period
Tact
sec
Theoretical time period
Tthe
o

Page. 11.1
Rolling Cylinder
5.1 Data:
Radius of bigger cylinder, R = 0.160 m
Radius of smaller cylinder, r1 =

Sr. Time for n oscillations (sec)
Material Size of Roller (m)
No t1 t2 t3 t
1 Wood
2 Aluminum
3 M.S.
2g
Natural frequency, n 3( R
r)
2
Ttheo sec,
n
1
f theo Hz
theo

Time for n oscillations
act n
1
Frequency, f act Hz
Tact

Page. 11.2
Rolling Cylinder
5.5 Result Table:

Size of Roller
Sr. No Material Ttheo. (sec) Tact. (sec) ftheo. (Hz) fact. (Hz)
(m)
1 Wood
2 Aluminum
3 M.S.
6. Conclusion:

Page. 11.3
Double Pendulum System
Experiment No. 12
1. Aim:
To find out natural frequency of vibration of double pendulum system.
2. Description:
The system
which
requires two
coordinates
independentl
y to describe
its motion
completely
is called a
two degree
freedom
system. In
such system
there are two
masses
which will
have
two natural
frequencies.
The system
at its lowest
or first
natural
frequency is Figure 12.1: Analysis of a Double Pendulum
called its
first
mode; at its
next second
higher it is
called the
second
mode. If the
two masses
vibrate at the
same
frequency
and phase, it
is called a
Figure 12.2: Mode Shapes
principal
mode of
vibration.
Page. 12.1
This
experiment
consists

Fix the both of the balls at X1 and X2 distances from centerline respectively.

Then note down the time period for n oscillations.

Repeat the procedure for different values of X1 and X2.

Compare the theoretical and experimental values.
4. Nomenclature:
X1
Distance of first ball from center axis m
Distance of second ball from center axis m
X2
Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2
g
Length of each string m
l
Nos. of oscillations
n
fact sec-1
Theoretical natural frequency
ftheo Actual time period sec
Theoretical time period sec

Tact
Tthe
5. Observation & Calculation:
o
5.1 Data:
Length of string, l =

Sr. Mode of Time for n Oscillations (sec)
X1 X2
No Vibration t1 t2 t3 t
1 2
1
0.414
1 2
2
2.414

Page. 12.2
When X 1 0.414
X2
g( 2 2 )
n l
2
Ttheo sec
n

1
f theo Hz
theo
T
When X 1 2.414
X2
g( 2 2 )
n l
2
Ttheo sec
n

1
f theo Hz
theo

Time for n oscillations
act n
1
Frequency, f act Hz
Tact

Page. 12.3
5.5 Result Table:

Sr. No Mode of Vibration Ttheo (sec) Tact (sec) ftheo. (Hz) fact. (Hz)
1 2
1
0.414
1 2
2
2.414
6. Conclusion:

Page. 12.4
Cam
Experiment No. 13
1. Aim:
To study jump phenomenon in the cam.
2. Description:
In a cam-
follower
system, the
contact
between the
cam surface
and follower
is maintained
by
During
means the
of follower
a jump, transient vibrations are set up in the follower and these occur only
retaining
with high speed, highly flexible cam-follower system. With jump, the cam and follower
spring.
separate owing to excessively unbalanced forces exceeding the spring force during the period
Beyond a
of negative
particular acceleration. This is undesirable since the fundamental function of the cam-
speed of cam
follower system, the constraint and control of follower motion are not maintained. Also, the
rotation, the
life of the
follower maycam flank surface reduces due to hammering action of follower on cam and
lose
hammering noise is generated which further results in vibrations of the system.
contact with
The
the jumpcam,
phenomenon will be avoided by limiting the speed of cam or by increasing the
stiffness
because of of
the retaining speed.
inertia force
Fig.13.1
acting onshows
the an eccentric cam follower system, which is analyzed for jump phenomenon.
follower.
This
phenomenon
is
called as
Jump
Phenomenon
. When the
follower re-
establishes
contact with
the cam, it
may
do so with
severe
impact loads Fig. 13.1
that can
damage the
Page. 13.1
surface of
the cam and
hammering
Cam
From Fig.13.1, we have

Lift of follower = y = OS2 OS1
= A2Q + QY OS1
= R + e cos (180 ) (R e)
y = e (1 cos ) .. (13.1)
Differentiating equation (13.1) with respect to time t, we get

Velocity of follower = = e sin . (13.2)
Differentiating equation (13.2) with respect to time t, we get

Acceleration of follower = = e 2 cos . (13.3)
Where, = . t = cam angle turned from lowest position . (13.4)

Now, consider the arrangement as shown in Fig.13.2, then
Fig. 13.2
Let, m = mass of follower

e = eccentricity
k = stiffness of spring
F = constant force between cam and follower
Fs= total spring force
P = Preload in spring
= Angular speed of cam

Page. 13.2
Cam
Then, from free body diagram, we have

Inertia Force = External Forces
m = FS F
F = m + FS ... (a)
FS = P + k y
FS = P + k e (1 cos t) ..(b)
Substituting from equation and equation and (b) in (a), we get

F = m (e 2 cos t) + P + k e (1 cos t)
F = (m 2 k) e cos t + (P + k e) ................................... (13.5)
This contact force between cam and follower is maximum when = 0 and minimum when
= 180. It is also dependent upon the square of cam velocity.
When this contact force between cam and follower becomes negative (i.e. less than zero.)
The follower would lose contact with the surface resulting in jump. This would happen if the
speed is increased beyond a particular critical speed j (at = 180).
F = 0 = (m j2 k) (e cos 180) + (P + k e)
Where j = jump speed

0 = (m j2 k) ( e) + P + k e
(m j2 k) e = P + k e
m e j2 = P + 2 k e
P2ke
j
me
Therefore, to avoid jump
P2ke
j
me
To avoid jump
P > (m 2 2 k) e

Page. 13.3

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LabManual Dynamics of

Roll No.: Batch:

This is to certify that, Mr. / Ms. _

Subject Head of the

1. Study the longitudinal vibration of helical

2. To study the torsional vibrations of single

3. Study the free vibration of two rotor system

4. To study the damped torsional oscillation &

5. To verify the Dunker leys Rule.

6. To study the undamped free vibration of

7. To study the forced damped vibration of

8. To study the forced vibration of the beam for

9. To study the Static & Dynamic Balancing

10. To study the effect of whirling of shaft.

11. To find out natural frequency of undamped

12. To find out natural frequency of vibration of

13. To study jump phenomenon in the cam.

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.3 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.4 PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS:

5.5 Result Table:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

To study the Torsional Vibrations of single rotor system.

5.2 Observation Table:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.3 Theoretical Calculations:

5.4 Experimental Calculations:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.5 Result Table:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

fact Actual frequency sec-1

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.2. Observation table:

5.3 Theoretical Calculations:

5.4 Experimental Calculations:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.5 Result Table:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

Figure 4.1: Damped Torsional Vibration

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

n Critical damping factor

Kt Polar Moment of inertia m4

L Torsional stiffness N-m

Ttheo Actual time period sec

Theoretical time period sec

Amplitude of the vibration at the beginning of the measurement m

to be found from record

5. Observation & calculation:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.4 Result Table:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

fL = Natural frequency of given beam (neglecting the weight of beam) with

fb = Natural frequency of the beam.

Figure 5.1: Dunker leys Rule

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

I Length of the beam m

5.2 Observation Table:

Dynamics of Machinery (2161901)

5.3 Theoretical Calculations: