Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Training Course
08-10 Oct 2013, Pretoria
Water Footprint
Assessment
Phase 2 -
Accounting
Ashok Chapagain
Science Director, Water Footprint Network
www.waterfootprint.org
1
Water footprint components
Green water footprint
volume of rainwater evaporated
or incorporated into product
www.waterfootprint.org
WF accounts in a catchment
Precipitation
in a catchment
Evapotranspiration Runoff
Green Blue
WF WF
Remaining
unused
Grey runoff
Cotton for WF flow
export
www.waterfootprint.org
WF accounts in a catchment
Non
production-related Production-related
Precipitation Water contained Production-related Water contained Water transfer to
evapotranspiration evapotranspiration
in products evapotranspiration in products another catchment
Catchment area
Abstraction Return flow
Runoff at
Soil and vegetation field level Ground- and surface water
Runoff
from
catchment
www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint of
growing a crop
www.waterfootprint.org
Crop water requirement
lgp lgp
CWU green 10 ETgreen CWU blue 10 ETblue
d 1 d 1
www.waterfootprint.org
Irrigation requirement
www.waterfootprint.org
Green and Blue Water Footprint of a
crop Estimated using e.g
CROPWAT,
AQUACROP
ET
Measured
ETc = Kc x ETo
TAW, Smax
Ks
Data required for the calculation of
ETc adj
1. Climate data - for calculation of Eto : mean daily maximum
and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, mean wind speed, mean
solar radiation, and data on altitute (for pressure and psychometric
constant)
www.waterfootprint.org
Climate and rain data
CLIMWAT 2.0 database (FAO,
2006)
Observed agroclimatic data of over
5000 stations worldwide (tries to
cover 1971-2000)
www.waterfootprint.org
Crop data
Global CROPWAT (FAO, 2009a)
Soil
data
Global CROPWAT (FAO, 2009a)
www.waterfootprint.org
Irrigation data
www.waterfootprint.org
11-Apr 11 Init 0 1 1.1 4 0 4.2 0 0 0
[irrigation scenario]
25-Sep
26-Sep
178
179
End
End
0
0
1
1
2.6
2.6
6
7
0
0
16.3
18.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
27-Sep End End 0 1 0 4
Output from
CROPWAT
Totals:
8.0 ET green
Total gross irrigation 1428.6 mm Total rainfall 190.3 mm
Total net irrigation 1000.0 mm Effective rainfall 125.1 mm
Total irrigation losses 344.8 mm Total rain loss 65.2 mm
ET c
Actual water use by crop 793.3 mm Moist deficit at harvest 13.0 mm
Potential water use by crop 793.3 mm Actual irrigation requirement 668.3 mm
ET blue
Efficiency irrigation schedule 65.5 % Efficiency rain 65.7 %
Deficiency irrigation schedule 0.0 %
Yield reductions:
Task:
Stage label
Determine ET blue A B C D Season
and
ET ET
Reductions
green =in ET
min (crop water requirement,
green
c 0 0 0 = min
0 (793, 0125) =%125 mm
effective
Yield responseprecipitation)
factor 0.5 0.8 1.2 1 1.1
ET = min 0 (1000, 0 668) %
= 668 mm
blue = min (total net irrigation, actual irrigation
Yield reduction 0 0 0
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
requirement)
Cumulative yield reduction 0 0 0 0 %
Water Footprint accounting Green
& Blue
ET ET CWU CWU
Etc adj CWU Y* WF WF green WF blue
green blue green blue
mm / period m3/ha t / ha m3 / t
www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint Assessment: Phase 2 - Accounting
Grey Water Footprint non-point
source
The grey water footprint volume of polluted
freshwater that associates with the production
of a product in its full supply-chain, calculated as
the volume of water that is required to
assimilate pollutants based on ambient water
quality standards.
- Pollutant load;
- Ambient water quality standards;
- Natural background quality.
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
www.waterfootprint.org
GWF of a process:
AR = Application rate of
Appl = Application of Chemical (mass/time)
chemical (kg/ha)
GWF of
a crop: (volume/mass)
Y = Yield
(ton/ha)
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
Water Footprint of Industry
www.waterfootprint.org
Blue water footprint of an
industrial process
Blue water footprint Blue water footprint
of process 1 of process 2
Consumptive Consumptive
water use water use
Reuse of
wastewater
Treatment
Process 1 Process 2
Treatment
Recycling of
wastewater Water intake
Water intake Effluent Effluent
www.waterfootprint.org
Example: blue water footprint
calculation
0.5 litre
water per
litre beer
Evaporation
Water
incorporat
ed into
product
1 litre
Effluent water per
Water intake
5 litre litre beer
water per 3.5 litre
litre beer water per
litre beer
www.waterfootprint.org
Grey water footprint from point-
source pollution
Loa
Grey WF Critical
d
R
load
Effl c Abstr c
R
cmaxeffl cnat act
R
Effl c Abstr c
effl nat
cmax
c act
Cotton for
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
export
www.waterfootprint.org
Example: Grey Water Footprint
calculation
Abstr = 0.1 m /s 3 Effl = 0.09 m /s 3
= 109 m3/ton
6 m3/ton
20 mg/l
2 mg/l
* CEC (1988)
www.waterfootprint.org
Grey water footprint related to
thermal pollution
www.waterfootprint.org
Grey WF related to thermal
pollution from a power plant in
Spain
E = 100 m3/s
Tmax = 28 C* E * Teffl
100m3/ WFgrey = = 125 m3/s
s 30C Teffl = 10 C Tmax
20C
Tmax = 8 C
www.waterfootprint.org
* CEC (1988)
Water Footprint of a Product
www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint of a Product
www.waterfootprint.org
Steps to calculate the WF of a
product
Quantities of input
Calculate
WF of inputs
WF of Overhead
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
WF of operations www.waterfootprint.org
The chain-summation approach
(applicable only for single output
product)
www.waterfootprint.org
Input Output
pricep
value fraction [ p]
wp z
wp
product fraction [ p,i]
p1pricep
wi
wp
Product WF [ p] Process WF [ p]
y
Product WF [i] value fraction
Cotton for i 1 product fraction [ p,i]
[Hoekstra et al., 2011] [ p]
export
Example production chain: cotton
textile 0.16
0.47
C o tton seed oil
1.07
1.00
Cotton seed oil,
refined
0.63
0.18 0.10
0.20
C o tton linters
H a rvesting
C otton plant S eed-cotton Ginning
0.05
0.35 0.10
G arnetted stock
0.82
Knitting/
weaving
0.95 0.05
0.99 0.10
W et processing
1.00
1.00
Fabric
Legend
Finishing
Product fraction
0 .35 1.00
0 .82
Value fraction www.waterfootprint.org
1.00
Final textile
Input product Output
Output product 1
Weight =1
Product WF
kg weight = 0.1 kg
= 900
price = 9 euro/kg
litre/kg
Output product 2
weight = 0.9 kg
Process WF price=0.11 euro/kg
= 1000 litre per kg
of output products
0.1 kg 0.1
product fraction [1] 1 value fraction [1] 0.9
0.1 99 0.11
0.1 kg
0.9
900
Product WF [1] 1000 0.9 9000
0.1 [Hoekstra et al., 2011]
litre/kg
Water Footprint of products
www.waterfootprint.org
More on
technical
day
ashok.chapagain@waterfootprint.org
Twitter: @A_Chapagain
www.waterfootprint.org
39