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Africa Water Footprint Standard

Training Course
08-10 Oct 2013, Pretoria

Water Footprint
Assessment

Phase 2 -
Accounting
Ashok Chapagain
Science Director, Water Footprint Network

www.waterfootprint.org
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Water footprint components
Green water footprint
volume of rainwater evaporated
or incorporated into product

Blue water footprint


volume of surface or
groundwater evaporated or
incorporated into product, lost
return flow
Grey water footprint
volume of water needed to
assimilate pollutants

www.waterfootprint.org
WF accounts in a catchment
Precipitation
in a catchment

Evapotranspiration Runoff

Unused Consumed Consumed Unused


evaporative evaporative runoff runoff
flow flow flow flow

Green Blue
WF WF
Remaining
unused
Grey runoff
Cotton for WF flow
export
www.waterfootprint.org
WF accounts in a catchment

Green water footprint Blue water footprint

Non
production-related Production-related
Precipitation Water contained Production-related Water contained Water transfer to
evapotranspiration evapotranspiration
in products evapotranspiration in products another catchment

Catchment area
Abstraction Return flow
Runoff at
Soil and vegetation field level Ground- and surface water

Runoff
from
catchment

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint of
growing a crop

www.waterfootprint.org
Crop water requirement

1. Calculate reference crop evapotranspiration ET0 (mm/day)


e.g. Penman-Monteith equation

2. Calculate crop evapotranspiration Etc (mm/day)


Etc = ET0 Kc where Kc = crop coefficient

3. Calculate crop water requirement CWR (m3/ha)www.waterfootprint.org


CWR = Etc [accumulate over growing period]
Crop water use

Green water evapotranspiration =


min (crop water requirement, effective precipitation)

Blue water evapotranspiration =


min (irrigation requirement, effective irrigation) www.waterfootprint.org
Assessing the blue and green process
water footprint of growing a crop

Water footprint of growing a crop


Crop water use (m3/ha) / Crop yield (ton/ha)

lgp lgp
CWU green 10 ETgreen CWU blue 10 ETblue
d 1 d 1

www.waterfootprint.org
Irrigation requirement

Irrigation requirement = crop water requirement www.waterfootprint.org


effective rainfall
Water footprint in crop growing

Green water footprint =


minimum (crop water requirement,
effective rainfall)

Blue water footprint =


minimum (irrigation requirement,
effective irrigation)

Irrigation requirement = crop water


requirement effective rainfall [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Green and Blue Water Footprint of a
crop Estimated using e.g
CROPWAT,
AQUACROP
ET
Measured

WF = CWU Crop water use (m3/ha)


Y Crop yield (t/ha)

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]


Crop Evapotranspiration and
Adjusted Crop Evapotranspiration

ETo = Reference crop


evapotranspiration

Etc = Crop evapotranspiration under


standard conditions

ETc = Kc x ETo

Etc adj = Adjusted crop


evapotranspiration
Ks = water stress coefficient

Etc adj = Ks x Kc x ETo


Kc : Crop Coefficient Curve

Planting 10% ground Harvest or full


full cover maturity
date cover senescence

Allen et al. (1998)


Lenght of growth stages
Calculation of the stress factor Ks
RAW = p x TAW

Critical depletion factor


(crop characteristic)

TAW, Smax

Ks
Data required for the calculation of
ETc adj
1. Climate data - for calculation of Eto : mean daily maximum
and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, mean wind speed, mean
solar radiation, and data on altitute (for pressure and psychometric
constant)

2. Rain data: one of the components of the soil water balance

3. Irrigation data: one of the components of the soil water balance

4. Crop data: planting and harvest dates, length of growing stages,


crop coefficients (for each growing stage), critical depletion factor

5. Soil data: defining properties such as field capacity, wiliting


point, maximum infiltration rate (to determine the runoff depending on
levels of precipitation)

www.waterfootprint.org
Climate and rain data
CLIMWAT 2.0 database (FAO,
2006)
Observed agroclimatic data of over
5000 stations worldwide (tries to
cover 1971-2000)

New LocClim 1.10


database (FAO, 2005)
Interpolates where no
observations are available
Cotton for
export

www.waterfootprint.org
Crop data
Global CROPWAT (FAO, 2009a)

Regional FAO irrigation & drainage paper No 56 (Table 12)

Climate region Chapagain and Hoekstra (2004) (App. VI)

Local Agricultural research stations, farmers

Soil
data
Global CROPWAT (FAO, 2009a)

Local National agricultural research institutes, companies, farmers

www.waterfootprint.org
Irrigation data

Global MICRA2000 of Portman et al. (2010) for determination of


irrigated areas

Local National agricultural research institutes, farmers

In case of lack of data, it is possible to assume that crops receive just


enough water not to have stress conditions.

www.waterfootprint.org
11-Apr 11 Init 0 1 1.1 4 0 4.2 0 0 0

Example calculation results


12-Apr 12 Init 0 1 1.1 5 0 5.3 0 0 0
13-Apr 13 Init 7.4 1 1.1 1 0 1.1 0 0 0

[irrigation scenario]
25-Sep
26-Sep
178
179
End
End
0
0
1
1
2.6
2.6
6
7
0
0
16.3
18.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
27-Sep End End 0 1 0 4
Output from
CROPWAT
Totals:
8.0 ET green
Total gross irrigation 1428.6 mm Total rainfall 190.3 mm
Total net irrigation 1000.0 mm Effective rainfall 125.1 mm
Total irrigation losses 344.8 mm Total rain loss 65.2 mm
ET c
Actual water use by crop 793.3 mm Moist deficit at harvest 13.0 mm
Potential water use by crop 793.3 mm Actual irrigation requirement 668.3 mm
ET blue
Efficiency irrigation schedule 65.5 % Efficiency rain 65.7 %
Deficiency irrigation schedule 0.0 %

Yield reductions:
Task:
Stage label
Determine ET blue A B C D Season
and
ET ET
Reductions
green =in ET
min (crop water requirement,
green
c 0 0 0 = min
0 (793, 0125) =%125 mm
effective
Yield responseprecipitation)
factor 0.5 0.8 1.2 1 1.1
ET = min 0 (1000, 0 668) %
= 668 mm
blue = min (total net irrigation, actual irrigation
Yield reduction 0 0 0
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
requirement)
Cumulative yield reduction 0 0 0 0 %
Water Footprint accounting Green
& Blue

WF = CWU = Crop water use (m3/ha)


Y Crop yield (t/ha)

ET ET CWU CWU
Etc adj CWU Y* WF WF green WF blue
green blue green blue

mm / period m3/ha t / ha m3 / t

793 125 668 7930 1250 6680 81 98 15 82


*Source: MARM (2009), period 2000 - 2006

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint Assessment: Phase 2 - Accounting
Grey Water Footprint non-point
source
The grey water footprint volume of polluted
freshwater that associates with the production
of a product in its full supply-chain, calculated as
the volume of water that is required to
assimilate pollutants based on ambient water
quality standards.

Assimilation capacity with respect to:

- Pollutant load;
- Ambient water quality standards;
- Natural background quality.
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
GWF of a process:

L = pollutant load (mass / time)


cmax = ambient water quality standard for that pollutant,
maximum allowable concentration
cnat = natural background concentration in the receiving
water body
= Leaching-Runoff Fraction

AR = Application rate of
Appl = Application of Chemical (mass/time)
chemical (kg/ha)
GWF of
a crop: (volume/mass)
Y = Yield
(ton/ha)
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
Water Footprint of Industry

www.waterfootprint.org
Blue water footprint of an
industrial process
Blue water footprint Blue water footprint
of process 1 of process 2

Consumptive Consumptive
water use water use

Capture and recycling


of water vapour

Reuse of
wastewater
Treatment
Process 1 Process 2

Treatment
Recycling of
wastewater Water intake
Water intake Effluent Effluent

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Example: blue water footprint
calculation
0.5 litre
water per
litre beer
Evaporation

Blue water footprint

= 1.5 litre water per litre beer

Water
incorporat
ed into
product
1 litre
Effluent water per
Water intake
5 litre litre beer
water per 3.5 litre
litre beer water per
litre beer

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Grey water footprint from point-
source pollution

Loa

Grey WF Critical
d
R
load
Effl c Abstr c
R

cmaxeffl cnat act
R
Effl c Abstr c
effl nat
cmax

c act

Cotton for
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
export
www.waterfootprint.org
Example: Grey Water Footprint
calculation
Abstr = 0.1 m /s 3 Effl = 0.09 m /s 3

cact = 3 g/m3 ceffl = 6 g/m3

Substance intake Substance output


= Abstr cact Process = Effl ceffl

Freshwater cnat = 2 g/m3


body cmax = 10 g/m 3
Load

Effl c Abstr c 0.09 6 0.13 10


Grey WF Cotton foreffl
0.03 m3/s
c c
export maxact nat 2
Grey water footprint related to
BOD load from a tomato-processing
industry in China
ceffl = 20 mg/l E * (ceffl cact)
cact = cnat = 2 mg/l Total WFgrey of activity =
(cmax cnat)
E = 6 m3/ton
cmax = 3 mg/l * = 1.1 106 m3/yr
Prod = 10,000 ton/yr

Total WFgrey of activity


WFgrey per unit of product =
Prod

= 109 m3/ton
6 m3/ton
20 mg/l

2 mg/l
* CEC (1988)

www.waterfootprint.org
Grey water footprint related to
thermal pollution

Tef Tact : Difference between the temperature of an


effluent flow and the receiving water body

Tmax Tnat: Maximum acceptable temperature increase


[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Grey WF related to thermal
pollution from a power plant in
Spain

E = 100 m3/s
Tmax = 28 C* E * Teffl
100m3/ WFgrey = = 125 m3/s
s 30C Teffl = 10 C Tmax
20C
Tmax = 8 C

www.waterfootprint.org
* CEC (1988)
Water Footprint of a Product

www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint of a Product

Indirect Indirect Indirect Indirect


water water water water
footprint footprint footprint footprint
Feed crop Livestock Food Retailer Consumer
cultivation farming processor

Direct Direct Direct Direct Direct


water water water water water
footprint footprint footprint footprint footprint

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Steps to calculate the WF of a
product

Identify production process steps

Determine inputs supply chain

Quantities of input

Product and value fractions

Calculate
WF of inputs
WF of Overhead
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

WF of operations www.waterfootprint.org
The chain-summation approach
(applicable only for single output
product)

[Hoekstra et al., 2011]

www.waterfootprint.org
Input Output

Input product Output product


Product WF[1]
i=1 p=1

Input product Output product


Product WF[2]
i=2 p=2

Input product Process WF Output product


Product WF[y]
i=y p=z

pricep
value fraction [ p]
wp z
wp
product fraction [ p,i]
p1pricep

wi
wp
Product WF [ p] Process WF [ p]
y
Product WF [i] value fraction
Cotton for i 1 product fraction [ p,i]
[Hoekstra et al., 2011] [ p]
export

Example production chain: cotton
textile 0.16
0.47
C o tton seed oil
1.07
1.00
Cotton seed oil,
refined

Hulling/ 0.51 Cotton seed


C o tton seed extraction 0.33 cake

0.63
0.18 0.10
0.20
C o tton linters
H a rvesting
C otton plant S eed-cotton Ginning

0.05
0.35 0.10
G arnetted stock
0.82

1.00 Cotton, not Carding/


C o tton lint 1.00 carded or combed Spinning

0.95 Cotton, carded or


0.99 combed (yarn)

Knitting/
weaving
0.95 0.05
0.99 0.10

G rey fabric Yarn waste

W et processing

1.00
1.00

Fabric
Legend
Finishing
Product fraction
0 .35 1.00

0 .82
Value fraction www.waterfootprint.org
1.00

Final textile
Input product Output
Output product 1
Weight =1
Product WF
kg weight = 0.1 kg
= 900
price = 9 euro/kg
litre/kg

Output product 2
weight = 0.9 kg
Process WF price=0.11 euro/kg
= 1000 litre per kg
of output products

0.1 kg 0.1
product fraction [1] 1 value fraction [1] 0.9
0.1 99 0.11
0.1 kg
0.9

900
Product WF [1] 1000 0.9 9000
0.1 [Hoekstra et al., 2011]
litre/kg
Water Footprint of products

Mekonnen & Hoeksrta., 20]2

www.waterfootprint.org
More on
technical
day

ashok.chapagain@waterfootprint.org
Twitter: @A_Chapagain

www.waterfootprint.org
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