Chapter 29 - Magnetic

Fields
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University
Objectives: After completing
this module, you should be
able to:
Define the magnetic field,
discussing magnetic poles and
flux lines.
Solve problems involving the
magnitude and direction of
forces on charges moving in a
magnetic field.
Solve problems involving the
magnitude and direction of forces
on current carrying conductors in a
B-field.
 Magnetism
Since ancient times, certain materials, called
magnets, have been known to have the
property of attracting tiny pieces of metal.
This attractive property is called magnetism.

S
Bar
Magnet
S N
N
 Magnetic Poles
The strength of a
Iron magnet is concentrated
filings at the ends, called north
N and south poles of the
magnet.
S
W
A suspended N S N
magnet: N-seeking
end and S-seeking S N E
end are N and S Bar Compass
poles. magnet
 Magnetic Attraction-
Repulsion

N S
S N S N
S N
N S

Magnetic
Forces: Like Unlike Poles
Poles Repel Attract
 Magnetic Field Lines
We can describe
magnetic field
lines by imagining
a tiny compass N S
placed at nearby
points.
The direction of the
magnetic field B at
any point is the Field B is strong where
same as the lines are dense and
direction indicated weak where lines are
by this compass. sparse.
Field Lines Between
Magnets
Unlike Attractio
poles n
N S

Leave N
and enter
S
Repulsion
N N

Like
poles
The Density of Field Lines
Electric N Magnetic field flux
field lines

A B A
A
S N

N
Line density E Line density
A

Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field BBisis sometimes
sometimes called
called the
the flux
flux
density in
density inWebers
Webers per per square
square meter
meter (Wb/m
(Wb/m22).).
 Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic flux lines
B A
are continuous and A
closed.
Direction is that of
the B vector at any
point.
Flux lines are NOT in Magnetic Flux
direction of force but density:
.

BB ;;
When
When area
area AA is
is
perpendicular
perpendicular to to == BA
BA
AA
flux:
flux:
The unit of flux density is the Weber per square
meter.
 Calculating Flux Density
When Area is Not
Perpendicular
The flux penetrating
the area A when the n
normal vector n A
makes an angle of

with the B-field is:

BA cos
BAcos B

The angle is the complement of the angle a that

the plane of the area makes with the B field. (Cos
= Sin
 Origin of Magnetic Fields
Recall that the strength of an electric field E
was defined as the electric force per unit
charge.
Since no isolated magnetic pole has ever
been found, we cant define the magnetic
field B in terms of the magnetic force per
unit north pole.
We
We will
will see
see instead
instead that
that E
magnetic
magnetic fields
fields result
result from
from
+
charges
charges inin motionnot
motionnot
from
from stationary
stationary charge
charge or or + Bv
poles.
poles. This
This fact
fact will
will be
be v
covered
covered later.
later.
Magnetic Force on Moving
Charge
Imagine a tube F
that projects B
charge +q with v
velocity v into
perpendicular B N S
Experiment shows:
field.
Upward magnetic force
FF
qvB
qvB F on charge moving in B
field.
Each of the following results in a greater
magnetic force F: an increase in velocity v,
an increase in charge q, and a larger
magnetic field B.
 Direction of Magnetic
Force
The right hand F F
rule : B B
With a flat right hand,
point thumb in v v
direction of velocity
v, fingers in direction
of B field. The flat N S
hand pushes in the
direction of force F.
The
The force
force is
is greatest
greatest when
when thethe velocity
velocity
vv is
is perpendicular
perpendicular to to the
the BB field.
field. The
The
deflection
deflection decreases
decreases toto zero
zero for
for parallel
parallel
motion.
motion.
Force and Angle of Path
Deflection force
N S greatest when path
perpendicular to field.
Least at parallel.
FF sin
vvsin
N S
F B
v sin
v v
N S
 Definition of B-field
Experimental observations show the following:
FF
FF qv sin or
qvsin or constant
constant
qv sin
qvsin
By choosing appropriate units for the
constant of proportionality, we can now
define the B-field as:
Magnetic FF
BB or FF qvB
or sin
qvBsin
Field qv sin
qvsin
Intensity B:
AA magnetic
magnetic fieldfield intensity
intensity of of one
one tesla
tesla (T)
(T)
exists
exists in
in aa region
region of of space
space wherewhere aa charge
charge of of
one
one coulomb
coulomb (C) (C) moving
moving at at 11 m/s
m/s
perpendicular
perpendicular to to the
the B-field
B-field will
will experience
experience aa
force
force of
of one
one newton
newton (N). (N).
 Example 1. A 2-nC charge is projected with
velocity 5 x 104 m/s at an angle of 300 with
a 3 mT magnetic field as shown. What
are the magnitude and direction of the
resulting
Draw force?
a rough sketch.
B F B
q = 2 x 10-9 C
v = 5 x 104
v sin v
m/s B = 3 x v
10-3 T = 300
Using right-hand rule, the force is seen to be
upward.
F qvB sin (2 x 10-9C)(5 x 10 4 m/s)(3 x 10-3T) sin 30 0

Resultant
Resultant Magnetic Force: F = 1.50 x 10-7 N,
Magnetic Force: F = 1.50 x 10 -7
N,
upward
upward
 Forces on Negative
Charges
Forces on negative charges are opposite to
Forces
Forces on
on negative
negative charges
charges areare opposite
opposite toto
those
those on
on positive
positive charges.
charges. The
The force
force on
on the
the
negative
negative charge
charge requires
requires aa left-hand
left-hand rule
rule to
to
show
show downward
downward force
force FF..
B
Right- F Left-hand
hand rule
B rule for v
for v negative F
positive q q

N S N S
Indicating Direction of B-
fields
One way of indicating the directions of fields
perpen-dicular to a plane is to use crosses X
and dots :
A field directed into the X X X X
paper is denoted by a X X
cross X like the tail X X X X
feathers of an arrow. X X X
X X X
A field directed out of the
paper is denoted by a dot
like the front tip end of an
arrow.
Practice With Directions:
What
What is
is the
the direction
direction ofof the
the force
force FF on
on the
the
charge
charge inin each
each of
of the
the examples
examples described
described
below?
below?
F v
X X X X Up X X X X
X+ Xv FX X
Left +
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
F

v Up F

- - Right

negative v

q
 Crossed E and B Fields
The
The motion
motion ofof charged
charged particles,
particles, such
such as
as
electrons,
electrons, can
can bebe controlled
controlled byby combined
combined
electric
electric and
and magnetic
magnetic fields.
fields.
Note: FE on +
electron is
x x x e-
upward and x x x v
opposite E-field. x x
But, FB on electron -
is down (left-hand
F B
rule). E
B -
Zero deflection -- v
when FB = FE E e v F
FB
 The Velocity Selector
This
This device
device uses
uses crossed
crossed fields
fields toto select
select only
only
those
those velocities
velocities for
for which
which FFBB =
= FFEE.. (Verify
(Verify
directions
directions for
for +q)
+q)
When FB = FE : Source
of +q +
qvB qE +
x x x
x x x q
v
E E
vv x x
-
BB Velocity selector

By
By adjusting
adjusting the
the EE and/or
and/or B-fields,
B-fields, aa person
person
can
can select
select only
only those
those ions
ions with
with the
the desired
desired
velocity.
velocity.
Example 2. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 10-
16
C, is projected through a velocity
selector where B = 20 mT. The E-field is
adjusted to select a
Source velocity of 1.5 x 106

m/s. What is theof electric

+q +field E?
EE
vv x x x +
BB x x x vq
x x
-
E = vB V

E = (1.5 x 106 m/s)(20 x 10-3 EE =

= 3.00
3.00 xx 10
104
4

T); V/m
V/m
 Circular Motion in B-field
The
The magnetic
magnetic force
force FF on
on aa moving
moving charge
charge is
is
always
always perpendicular
perpendicular to to its
its velocity
velocity v.
v. Thus,
Thus, aa
charge
charge moving
moving in in aa B-field
B-field will
will experience
experience aa
centripetal
centripetal force.
force.
2
mv Centripetal Fc =
FC ; FB qvB;
R X X F
+
X X X
B
2
mv X X X RX X
FC FB qvB
R X X X
Fc
X X
X +X X X +
X
mv
The
The radius
of
radius RR mv + X X X X X
of path
path is:
is: qB
qB X X X X X
 Mass Spectrometer
Ions passed through
+q E
v a velocity selector
xx
+
B at known velocity
- xx Photographic
xx plate emerge into a
xx R magnetic field as
shown. Themvradius
is: R qB
x x x x x x x x
slit x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x m2 The mass is found by
x x x x measuring the
mv 2 m1 radius R:
qBR
qvB mm qBR
R vv
Example 3. A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10-19 C,
follows a path of radius 7.28 cm. Upper
and lower B = 0.5 T and E = 1000 V/m.
What
+q
is its
E mass?
v
xx B Photographic E 1000 V/m
- x + v
x plate B 0.5 T
R
xx
xx x x x x x x v = 2000
slit xx x x x x x m/s
x x x x x x x mv qBR
x x x x x x m R mm qBR
x x x x qB vv
x

(1.6 x 10-19C)(0.5 T)(0.0728 m)

m m
m== 2.91
2.91 xx 10
-24
10-24
2000 m/s
kg
kg
 Summary
The
The direction
direction ofof forces
forces on
on aa charge
charge moving
moving in in an
an
electric
electric field
field can
can bebe determined
determined by by the
the right-hand
right-hand
rule
rule for
for positive
positive charges
charges and
and byby the
the left-hand
left-hand rule
rule
for
for negative
negative charges.
charges.
B
Right- F Left-hand
hand rule
B rule for v
for v negative F
positive q q

N S N S
 Summary (Continued)

F B
v sin
v v

For a charge moving in

a B-field, the F = qvB sin
magnitude of the force
is given by:
 Summary (Continued)
The
+
velocity +
x x x
selector:
E q
v
vv E x x x
x x
-
BB V

+ xx E
The mass v
q- x + B
spectrometer: x R
xx
xx x x x x x
mv qBR
R mm qBR slit xx x x x x x
qB vv x x x x x x
x x x m
x x x
x x
CONCLUSION: Chapter 29
Magnetic Fields