Telecom

Seminar

Eng Hasan Shamroukh

00962796061387
hasannaim@yahoo.com

0G
 Speaker
Eng Hasan
Shamroukh

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmH2nKNPp
hM
 Seminar
Telecom
Systems
Agenda
:Comparisons

Multiplexing
0G Identities
1G Handover
2G Roaming
3G Mobility
4G Management
Session
5G
Management
Telecom
Systems
MTS: Mobile Telecom
System
 2G

2G Mobile 2.75G Mobile

CS calls 2.5G Mobile CS/PS:
only CS/PS: Calls/Data
SMS Calls/Data MMS
2G/3GPP History
3GPP/
3GPP2 /
GSM MS & BTS Full
Operations

Uplin
k

downli
nk
 Difference between GSM and TETRA
TETR GSM
A
Designe Designe
d for d for
professi public
onal cellular
mobile telephon
radio y.
applicati
ons.
Based Based
on TDMA on FDMA
and
Economy TDMA.
on
frequenc
y
17
spectru
 3G

3 3.5 3.75
G G G
History
4G
History
5G
 5G begins in 2020
IoT: Internet of Things
IPv6 support (128 bits)
Millimeter Wave
Nano Core (Cloud Computing)
Phased Array Antennas
Mobile works as repeaters
Needles of HO (Mobile connects
multi eNB)
5G OSI Layers Change
2G/3G/ 5
4G G
 Clustering (2G
only)
2G uses neighboring cells with different
frequencies
we need to reuse frequency to avoid
interference
Clusters is formulated as sites/cells
Numbe Traffic
r of Chan
C/I
frequen nels
Ratio
cies
per site
3 High High Low
/
9
4 Mediu Mediu C/I: Carrier to Interference Ratio
Medi
/ m m um
Distance between 2 cells with same
1
 cluster in which the 21 / 7
A3 E3 available frequencies are divided
A2 E2 into 21 groups and distributed
A1 E1 between 7 sites
B3 D3 F3 A3 E3

B2 D2 F2 A2 E2
B1 D1 F1 A1 E1

C3 G3 B3 D3 F3 A3 E3

C2 G2 B2 D2 F2 A2 E2
C1 G1 B1 D1 F1 A1 E1
A3 E3 C3 G3 B3 D3 F3
A2 E2 C2 G2 B2 D2 F2
A1 E1 C1 G1 B1 D1 F1
B3 D3 F3 A3 E3 C3 G3
B2 D2 F2 A2 E2 C2 G2
B1 D1 F1 A1 E1 C1 G1
C3 G3 B3 D3 F3

C2 G2 B2 D2 F2
C1 G1 B1 D1 F1

C3 G3

C2 G2
C1 G1
Cluster 21 / 7
 No clustering needed in 3G

Because of using of scrambling

technique

It uses code/user & code/service in

UL
It uses code/user & code/cell in DL

So we have intra frequency HO in 3G

 f f
f f
2f 1f
1 1
3 1
2G 3G
Clustering No
Inter Clustering
frequency Intra
frequency
 Sectoring
a+b+c
a: #of antennas (channels) in
1st Sector
b: #of antennas (channels) in
2nd Sector
c: #of antennas (channels) in
3rd Sector

In 4G sub-channels
(OFDM/OFDMA)

Examples
1+1
sectors 1 antenna/sector 2
1+1+1
sectors 1 antenna/sector 3
Frequency
Bands
Multiplexin
2G/3
g
G
2
G
1
G
4G: Carrier divided into multi subcarriers (Sub
channels) with same(OFDM) or different (OFDMA)
capacity OFD
M
OFDM
A
OFD
M
OFDM
A

Output
Power
Frequenc
y

4
G Tim Frequenc
e y

Secondary 5G: Beam

Main
Lobe Radiation divided
Lobe into main lobes
that track users
and secondary
lobes to separate
them
Phased Array)
 MS
Identities
MSISDN: Mobile Call Number

IMSI: SIM Card Identity used by VLR for Location

update

IMEI: Mobile Identity used by EIR for Security

Authentication
(CLICK *#06# to find it)

TMSI: Temporary SIM Identity Given by VLR used

during Handover

MSRN: Temporary SIM Identity used during Roaming

BSIC: Base Station Identity

 PS (Data)
Identities
TLLI: Temporary Logical Link Identity

NSAPI: Network Service Access Point
Identity

TEID: Tunnel Endpoint Identity

APN: Access Point Name

A Format in Mobile converts to IP in
SGSN/GGSN
192.168.1.1 ( NID, MCC, MNC, gprs)
200.1.1.1
 External
Internal IP
AP
IP
N

TEID = IMSI +
NSAPI
 Packet Switching Path
2.5G/2.75G/3G
APN (MS) Internal IP (SGSN) External IP
(GGSN)

3.5G
APN (MS) IP(RNC) Internal IP (SGSN)
External IP (GGSN)

3.75G
APN (MS) IP(eNB) Internal IP (SGSN)
External IP (GGSN)

4G
IP (MS) IP(PGW) (Data Plane)
IP (eNB) IP (MME) (Control Plane)
 Protocols
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
CAP: CAMEL Application Part
MAP: Mobile Application Part
RANAP: Radio Access Network Application
Part
BSSAP: Base Station Subsystem
Application Part
BSSGP: Base Station Subsystem GPRS
Protocol
 Authentication
Username & Password Verification

CS Calls
AUC: Authenticator connected with HLR

PS Data Internet
RADIUS Server connected with GGSN
(Remote Access Dial In User Service)
or (Indirectly In( Directly Out band)
band)
 Mobility Management
Mobility between One Device States

2G: Off Idle Ready Active

2.5G: Off Idle Standby Ready

3G Known (RRM) Radio Resource

: Management
Off Idle Cell DCH Cell FACH Cell PCH
URA PCH
The last four considered Connected
 4GMM
EMM: EPS Mobility Management
Registered/Deregistered

ECM: EPS Connection Management

Idle/Connected

RRM: Radio Resource Management

Idle/Connected
 Session Management
Mobility Between devices

:Examples
Location Update
Handover
Roaming
 Location Update
Each country divided into MSC Areas
(MAN: States/Provinces/Counties)

Each MSC Area divided into BSC Areas

Each has LAI( Location Areas)
In PS Each Location Area divided into Routing
Areas each has RAI

Each BSC Area divided into BTS Areas (Cells)

Ex: Location Update intra
MSC
Updates
4
LA Record The Mobile sends an allocation .1
request message to the BTS
MSC/V
LR
The BTS responds with the. 2
allocation message

The mobile sends a location update. 3

BS request message with its IMSI to
C
the MSC/VLR
The MSC/VLR updates the. 4
location
information and sends a Location
Update
confirmation message
 Handover
Handover: Mobility within one operator (1
HLR)

2GHO Types
Intra BSC Inter BTS- 1
Intra MSC Inter BSC- 2
Inter MSC- 3

All are HHO: a discontinuity in call)

( because of Inter Frequencies
 Ex: Intra BSC
Handover
The BSC decides from the power measurement reports .1
BSC that the call must be handed over to another cell

7 The BSC checks for an vacant TCH in the. 2

8 new cell and orders this cell to activate the TCH
2 The BSC orders the serving cell to send. 3
a message to the MS telling the information
of new TCH
3 4 The MS tunes to the new frequency and. 4
Serving Cell New Cell
Sends handover access burst
6 The new cell detects the handover burst. 5
5 and sends information about the suitable
timing advance to the MS
The MS sends a HO complete message to the new cell . 6
The new cell sends a message to the BSC that the handover is successful . 7
The BSC orders the old Cell to release the TCH. 8
 3G/4G/5GHO
Soft(SHO): Inter BTS Intra Frequency- 1
Softer(SrHO): Inter sectors Intra BTS Intra- 2
Frequency

Hard(HHO): Discontinuity in call/data- 3

a- Inter BTS Intra Frequency (RNC---
RNC)
b- Inter Frequencies
c- Inter RAT (Radio Access
Technology)
2G-3G 2G-4G 3G-4G
IRAT Ex: LTE to 3G Handover
PDN-GW

targe sourc
t S-e
S-GW GW

SGSN MM
E

RNC
 Roaming
Mobility Inter HLR

Roaming Types
Intra Country Inter Operators (2HLR)- 1
Zain Jo Orange Jo
Intra Operator Inter Countries (2GWMSC)- 2
Zain Jo Zain KSA
Inter Operators Inter Countries- 3
(2GWMSC/2HLR) Zain Jo Jawwal KSA
Roaming: Location
Update
IM Is a roaming agreement
SI ?present
MSC/V Copy of the HLR
.60202 LR Profile will
.
be stored in Stock.
VLR

Is roaming

?allowed
. and Int
calls
Attached
Attached
=VLR ADD
Detached
=VLR
Stock.
ADD
Egypt
Airport
Airport
Roaming &
. Int &&Int
HLR .Roaming
Roaming
Allowed
Allowed
. Int
Allowed
Roaming: Call to HPLMN
MSIS
DN
MSC/V
.2010+ LR

Originatin
g Leg

Terminatin
g Leg Attached
=VLR ADD
HLR xyz
GWM
SC
 Fall Back
Since 4G/5G dont support Circuit
Switching they have to choose one of
:these

Fall back to 2G(GSM) or- 1

3G(WCDMA)

use IMS: IP Multimedia Services- 2

(VoIP)
 CS Fallback
MSS as voice engine for LTE subscribers

CS domain updated of. 2

subscribers whereabouts through
CS signaling over MME-MSC
(LUP, SMS etc.)

Subscriber registered. 1
in MSC but roam in LTE
CS
signaling Packet
Core
LTE
RAN
MM SAE
Page over. 4
CSFB SGE
SN
GG
SN
Gw
SGs-interface
Termin
al MS
GSM / WCDMA S
RAN
RC

RAN triggers. 5 CSFB M-

IM-
MSC-
MG S
an release with Termin MGw
MG
MR CF
w
redirect al FP

Incoming call. 3
payloa
to subscriber in
Page response. 6
d LTE
and call setup
over 2G/3G radio
 GWMSC
Gateway Mobile Switching Center

Uses
Call between PLMN PSTN- 1
Call between PLMN Another PLMN- 2
(Roaming)
Fax call between PLMN PSTN- 3
 PS Session Management
Handover = Internal Routing (SGSN)
Protocols: RIP/EIGRP/OSPF

Roaming = External Routing (GGSN)

Protocols: BGP
Distinguish between Systems
Interfaces
GSM: A H

GPRS: G(a z)

3G: Iu(b, r, CS, PS) only in RAN & GPRS

still the same

WIMAX: R(1- 8)

4G: S(a z)
 FDD/TDD
FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing
frequency bands UL & DL 2
0G/1G/2G mostly for CS

TDD: Time Division Duplexing

frequency bands UL & DL 1
3G/4G/5G mostly for PS
 L2 Data Link Layer
4 3 2 Et
G G G h
er
n
et
R R
R R
C C
B
 Link
Planning
 RF Planning Parameters
Re Se Sy
sel le ste
ect cti m
ion on
Pa Pa
ra ra
me m
ter et
 RF Planning Tools
Ex: Network Cell
Info Lite

provides cell
locations in the map
and separate
network signal
strength gauges for
the serving
(registered) cell and
http://telecom-knowledge.blogspot.com/2016/01/11-useful-android-apps-for.html?m=1
.the neighbor cell
 Adaptive Modulation &
Coding
:Changing modulation according to
weather change- 1
.distance apart from eNB- 2
This technique began from 3.5G and
later
AMC according to distance

64QAM 16QAM QPSK

IBS
 Splitt
er Omni Directional
Antenna

Panel
Antenna

IBS
Design
Example
 Indoor Radio planning tool
IB Wave _ The most popular in door RF planning tool

iBwave Solutions is a telecom radio planning software provider that develops

solutions for the in-building wireless industry. iBwave is best known for its
software iBwave Design, mostly used by telecom operators, system integrators
and equipment vendors. iBwave is a Canadian-based company that was
.founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Montreal
A privately-held company, iBwave focuses on integrated solutions to automate
and standardize the design of wireless communications inside buildings and
.infrastructures
, In 2010
Classification
Macroc
Umbrella Cell
ell

Fast moving
& Overlaid
subscribers
Underlaid Cells Normal Cell
Normal Cell

Picocell

In building
coverage
Microc
ell
Slow moving
 IEEE Wireless
Networks
Outdo
ors

Indoo
Full Comparison between
systems
 Capacity/Site = (Data/Site) /
(Subscribers/Site)
Ex: Cell capacity is 2.5 Mbps with 80% load has 40 users share peak rate of 1
Mbps
Calculate Capacity per site in 1 month

=400/300
1.3GB/month
 HARQ
(Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest)

A combination of ARQ and FEC

Used from 3.5G and later

:Types of ARQ
SAW: Stop-and-wait
GBN: Go-Back-N
SR: Selective Repeat

:Types of HARQ
Type I
Type II)IR(
Type III
 MIMO

Multiple input and multiple output

Used from 3.5G (WIMAX only) and later
 AAS

Adaptive/Advanced Antenna System

Used from 3.5G (WIMAX only) and later
Called Beam forming in LTE

Omni Directional AA
 Transmission
Networks
PDH: Digital Signals

SDH: Optical Signals (ITU)

SONET: Optical Signals

(US)
 Digital Signal Hierarchies
Most Common Rates

DS-1
DS-0
(Kb/s 64)
1.544)
(Mb/s
DS-3
(Mb/s 45)
Non-] Asynchronou
[Standardized s

Capacity
2 8 33 134 DS-1)
8 4 6 4
(Equiv

STS-3 STS-12 STS-48

VT1.5
(Mb/s 1.7)
STS-1
(Mb/s 52) (Mb/s 156) (Mb/s 622) (Mb/s 2500) SONE
T

VC- VC- STM- STM- STM- SD

11 3 1 4 16
H
DS: Digital Signal
SONET: Synchronous Optical
NETwork (US)
SDH: Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (ITU)
STS: Synchronous Transport
Signal
STM: Synchronous Transfer
Mode
VC: Virtual Container
VT: Virtual Tributary
 SDH/SONET Network
Layers
Services
DS3, DS1,
etc
Pat Map Services & POH
Into SPE Path
h Path
Protection/Restoration
Other Path OA&M
Lin & LOH
Combine SPEFunctions
e Sync & Mux For Path Line Line
Layer
Line
Protection/Restoration
Sectio Add Other
SOH &Line OA&M
Create STS Section Section Section Section
Functions
Signal
n Framing, Scrambling
Section OA&M Functions
Physic E/O Conversion M Re Re M
DS LT LT LT DS
Line Code U ge ge U
al 3 E E E 3
Physical Signal etc X n n X etc
Photoni)
No additional]
(c
[overhead

SONET
ADM
 SONET Ring

Rings Classification according to these

:measures
Uni-directional / Bi-directional Rings
Two-Fiber / Four Fiber Rings
Line Layer Ring / Path Layer Ring

The possibilities Are 8 rings

Uni 2-F
Line

Bi 4-F
Path
 MP
LS
Multi Protocol Label Switching
A technique of connecting headquarter
with branches through ISP(FSP)

Elements
P: Provider Router (L3 Switch)
PE: Provider Edge Router (L3 Switch)
CE: Customer Edge Router (L3 switch)

Uses VPN for security

L2VPN: CE CE
L3 VPN: PE CE
Full Service Provider
(CS/PS)
 Telecom Market
Companies
Telecom companies are classified
:into 3 types

Operators- 1

Vendors- 2

Contractors- 3
: Operators- 1
Service Provider for
customers

a- (FSP): Full Service Provider

also called TSP (Telecom
Service Provider) who
supports both Circuit
Switching & Packet Switching
.services for the customers
:Vendors- 2

Manufacturers of the telecom

elements

a- Mobiles: like HUAWEI APPLE

HTC
b- BSS: like HUAWEI ZTE
ERICSSON
c- IBS Solutions: like Andrew
:Contractors- 3

Small Companies (Third

Party) which build up and
install towers in sites

They receive the telecom

elements from vendors to use
them in building operator
What courses do Telecom
?? trainees need
for RAN work- 1

2G: GSM / GPRS / EDGE

+3G: WCDMA HSPA HSPA
4G: LTE
5G: BDMA
RF Planning & Optimization
IBS: In Building Solutions
WIFI: Wireless Fidelity
Fiber Optics: Welding / Tx / Rings
for Core work (Packet Switching)- 2

CCNA: Basic Networking & IP

Addressing
CCNP: External Routing BGP
(Roaming / GGSN)
CCDA: Basic Design
CCDP: Advanced Design
MPLS: connecting headquarter with
branches through an ISP or FSP
QUESTION
??S