Analog-Digital Converters

In presenting Order:
Josh Navikonis
Moiz H
Mike Hochman
Brian Post

ME 6405
9/29/2009
Agenda
Introduction to ADC
Types of ADC
Characteristics of ADC in MC9S12C
Application and Selection of ADC
Introduction of ADC
What is ADC?
Why is ADC important?
How does it work?
What is ADC?
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is an electronic device
that converts a continuous analog input signal to
discrete digital numbers (binary)
Analog
Real world signals that contain noise
Continuous in time
Digital
Discrete in time and value
Binary digits that contain values 0 or 1
 Why is ADC Important?

All microcontrollers store information using digital logic

Compress information to digital form for efficient storage
Medium for storing digital data is more robust
Digital data transfer is more efficient
Digital data is easily reproducible
Provides a link between real-world signals and data storage
 How ADC Works

2 Stages:
Sampling

Sample-Hold Circuit
Aliasing

Quantizing and

Encoding
Resolution
Binary
output
 Sampling

Reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal

Achieved through sampling and holding circuit
Switch ON sampling of signal (time to charge capacitor w/
Vin)
Switch OFF - voltage stored in capacitor (hold operation)
Must hold sampled value constant for digital conversion

Simple Sample and Hold Circuit Response of Sample and Hold Circuit
 Sampling
Sampling rate depends on
clock frequency
Use Nyquist Criterion
Increasing sampling rate
increases accuracy of
conversion
Possibility of aliasing
Sampling Signal: Tw
1
Sampling Period: Ts f
s

Nyquist Criterion: fs 2 f max

 Aliasing
High and low frequency samples are indistinguishable
Results in improper conversion of the input signal
Usually exists when Nyquist Criterion is violated

fs
Can exist even when: 2 f max
Prevented through the use of Low-Pass (Anti-aliasing)
Filters
 Quantizing and Encoding
Approximates a continuous range of values and
replaces it with a binary number
Error is introduced between input voltage and
output binary representation
Error depends on the resolution of the ADC
 Resolution

Maximum value of quantization error

Error is reduced with more available memory

Vrange=Input Voltage Range

n= # bits of ADC
resolution Vrange /(2 n 1)
Example:
Vrange 7.0V
n3 Qerror resolution / 2
1V 7V /(23 1) .5V

Resolution
 Resolution
Increase in resolution improves the accuracy of the conversion

Minimum voltage step recognized by ADC

Analog Signal Digitized Signal- High Digitized Signal- Low

Resolution Resolution
 Types of A/D Converters
Presenter :
Moiz H

Flash A/D Converter

Successive Approximation A/D
Converter
Example of Successive
Approximation
Dual Slope A/D Converter
Delta Sigma A/D Converter
 Elements of a Flash A/D
Converter
Encoder

Comparator
FLASH A/D
CONVERTER
Resoluti
on

23-1 = 7
Comparators

3 Bit Digital Output

 Flash A/D Converter Contd.

Pro Con
s
Fastest (in s additional
Each
the order of bit of resolution
nano seconds) requires twice
Simple the number of
operational comparators
theory Expensive
Speed is Prone to
limited only produce glitches
by gate and in the output
comparator
propagation
delay
 Elements of Dual-Slope
ADC
Integrator
Dual-Slope ADC

*
 Elements of the Successive
Approximation ADC
Successive Approximation
Register

Digital to Analog Converter

Takes in a Combination of
Bits
SUCESSIVE APPROXIMATION A/D
CONVERTER
 Examp
le
Show the timing waveforms that would occur in SAR ADC when
converting an analog voltage of 6.84V to 8-bit binary, assume
that the full scale input voltage of the DAC is 10V.
Vin =
6.84 V

Vref = 10
V
 5

7.7.
55
6.25
6.25 Cumulative
DAC Input DAC Vout Voltage
6.875 D7 5.0000 5.0000
D6 2.5000 7.5000
6.5625
6.5625 D5 1.2500 8.7500
D4 0.6250 9.3750
6.71875
D3 0.3125 9.6875
6.79687
6.79687 D2 0.15625 9.84375
55 D1 0.078125 9.921875
6.83593
6.83593 D0 0.0390625 9.9609375
7575

6.84
V
 Dual Slope A/D Converter
Contd.
Pros Con
High s
Slow
accuracy Accuracy is
Fewer dependent on
adverse the use of
affects from precision
noise external
components
Delta-Sigma ADC
 Delta-Sigma ADC
contd.
#1 Delta-Sigma
Modulator
 Delta-Sigma ADC
contd.
#2 Digital
Filter

Decimator
 Sigma-Delta A/D Converter
Contd.

Pros Con
High s
Slow due to
Resolution over sampling
No need of Good for low
precision bandwidth
components
ADC Comparison

Type Speed(relative) Cost(Relative)

Dual Slope Slow Med

Flash Very fast High

Successive approx Medium fast Low

Sigma-Delta Slow Low

ATD10B8C on MC9S12C32

Presented by:
Michael Hochman
MC9S12C32 Block Diagram
ATD10B8C Block Diagram
ATD10B8C Key Features
Resolution
8/10 bit (manually chosen)
Conversion Time
7 usec, 10 bit
Successive Approximation ADC architecture
8-channel multiplexed inputs
External trigger control
Conversion modes
Single or continuous sampling
Single or multiple channels
ATD10B8C External Pins

12 external pins

AN7 / ETRIG / PAD7

Analog input channel 7
External trigger for ADC
General purpose digital I/O

AN6/PAD6 AN0/PAD0
Analog input
General purpose digital I/O

VRH, VRL
High and low reference voltages for ADC

VDDA, VSSA
Power supplies for analog circuitry
ATD10B8C Registers

6 Control Registers ($0080 - $0085)

Configure general ADC operation

2 Status Registers ($0086, $008B)

General status information regarding ADC

2 Test Registers ($0088 - $0089)

Allows for analog conversion of internal states

16 Conversion Result Registers ($0090 - $009F)

Formatted results (2 bytes)

1 Digital Input Enable Register ($008D)

Convert channels to digital inputs

1 Digital Port Data Register ($008F)

Contains logic levels of digital input pins
Control Register 2
Control Register 3
Control Register 4
Control Register 5
Single Channel Conversions
Multi-channel Conversions
Status Register 0
Status Register 1
Results Registers
ATD Input Enable Register
Port Data Register
Setting up the ADC
Applications For ADC
What are some applications for Analog to
Digital Converters?
Measurements / Data Acquisition
Control Systems
PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)
Sensor integration (Robotics)
Cell Phones
Video Devices
Audio Devices
Measurements / Data
Acquisition
NI X-Series Data Acquisition
What is Data Acquisition Card
The sampling of the
real world to generate
data that can be
manipulated by a
computer
(DSP) Digital Signal
Processing first requires
a digital signal
Eg. Analysis of data
from weather balloons
by the National
Weather Service
 Control Systems
e*(t) u*(t)

0010

1011
0101
e e*

0011

1001

0101
0010
1010
Controller

t t t t

e*(t) u*(t)
Digital
R + e S/H D/A u Y
& CPU & Plant
Controll
- ADC er Hold

Clock

Digital Control System

Transduc
er
The Old Way. Analog
Computers
Comdyna GP6
 The New Way
e*(t) u*(t)

0010

1011
0101
e e*

0011

1001

0101
0010
1010
Controller

t t t t

Analog
Analog
Output
Input
ADC D/A
Programmable Logic
Controllers
ADC in PLCs Rockwell PLC
PLCs are the industry standard Analog I/O Module
for automation tasks including:
Motion Control
Safety Systems
designed for:
multiple inputs and output
arrangements
extended temperature ranges
immunity to electrical noise
resistance to vibration and
impact
Most I/O are Boolean, however
most PLC systems have an
analog I/O module
Sensor Integration
(Robotics)
Many robots use
microprocessors
ADC allows robots to
interpret
environmental cues
and compensate
If the algorithm needs
to be changed its a
simple matter of
modifying the code
Analog control
systems require a
complete circuit
redesign
Cell Phones

Why Digital?
Digital signals can be easily
manipulated
Digital phones convert your
voice intobinaryinformation
and then compress it
Thiscompressionallows
between three and 10 digital
calls to occupy the space of
asingleanalog call.
Theanalog-to-
digitalanddigital-to-
analogconversion chips
translate the outgoing audio
signal from analog to digital
and the incoming signal from
digital back to analog
Audio Devices

Examples ADC From Sound Card

ADCs are integral to

current music
reproduction technology
They sample audio
streams and store the
digital data on media like
compact disks
The current crop of AD
converters utilized in
music can sample at
rates up to 192kilohertz
Sound Cards
Video Devices

TV Tuners

Analog video and audio

signals are converted
to digital signals for
display to user
Slingbox converts
analog input stream
and rebroadcasts it
across the internet in
digital form
CCDs use ADCs to
process image data
Selection of an ADC
Important Considerations:
Input Type Differential or Single Ended
Resolution - Most Important
Scaling - allows the user to divide or multiply the input
voltage to more closely match the full scale range of the
ADC
Sample Rate - The sample rate must be at least twice the
frequency the you are measuring, but 5 times is much
better
Channel Scan Rate - The channel scan rate is the
maximum rate that the ADC can select a new channel and
make a measurement. many ADCs have a relatively slow
scan rate (when compared to the sample rate.)
Eg. To achieve a sample rate of 600Hz on three channels, you
will need a channel scan rate of at least 1.8kHz
Example: Selecting an ADC
We want to digitize a vibration signal
measured by an accelerometer with the
following characteristics (PCB 301A10):
Sensitivity: (2.0%) 100 mV/g
Measurement Range: 50 g pk
Frequency Range: (5%) 0.5 to 10000 Hz
Select a satisfactory Analog to Digital
Converter.
Example Continued
Desired Signal:
Sensitivity: (2.0%) 100 mV/g
Measurement Range: 50 g pk
Solution
Frequency Range: (5%) 0.5 to 10000 Hz
10
Vrange ln( 1)
Resolution: resolution n n 0.1 6.66 bit 8 bit
2 1 ln(2)

Minimum Sampling Freq:

f s min 2 * f max
f s min 5 *10000 Hz
Ideal Sampling Freq: f s min 5 * f max 50000 Hz
Choosing AD7892
From Analog Devices:
The AD7892 is a high speed,
low power, 12-bit A/D
converter that operates from a
single +5 V supply. The part
contains a 1.47 s successive
approximation ADC, an on-
chip track/hold amplifier, an
internal +2.5 V reference
and on-chip versatile interface
structures that allow both serial
and parallel connection to a
microprocessor. The part
accepts an analog input
range of 10 V or 5 V.
Overvoltage protection on the
analog inputs for the AD7892-1
and AD7892-3 allows the input
voltage to go to 17 V or 7 V
respectively without damaging
the ports.
References
Cetinkunt, Sabri. Mechatronics 2007
www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_course
en.wikipedia.org/
www.engineer.tamuk.edu/
www.scm.tees.ac.uk
Bishop, Ron. Basic Microprocessors and the 6800
MC912SC Family Data Sheet
MC912SC Reference Manual
MC912SC Programming Reference Guide