ETHNOGRAPHY

OF LANGUAGE

JOEL M. RAMOS

DR. ESTHER S. GULMATICO

The development and use of language
is perhaps the most significant
achievement of mans cultural
development because without it, the
cumulative learning experiences of
man would not be passed to
succeeding generations.
ETHNOGRAPHY
is a field of study which is
concerned primarily with the
description and analysis of
culture, and linguistics is a field
concerned, among other things,
with the description and analysis
of language codes.
LANGUAGE
is the system of words or signs
that people use to express
thoughts and feelings to each
other.
RELATIONSHIP OF LANGUAGE
AND CULTURE
Language itself is a cultural phenomenon.
Without language, there will be no culture. They
are just inseparable where as long as there are
people who move from one place to another, they
bring with them both language and culture.
Its major importance in culture is that it is the
only mechanism by which culture is transmitted
particularly the ideas we wish to convey. It is the
very reason that humans are uniquely set apart
from other animals and the very reason why man
has progress and achieved more than any animal.
 Culture is mirrored in language in
such a way that people can see its
culture through its language. A
metaphor is used to represent the
cultural-language relationship is the
iceberg. The visible part of the
water is the language; while beneath
the surface water is culture. Culture
and language are also like paper; on
one side you have language and the
reverse side.
 Peoples in different cultures can refer to different
things while using the same language forms. For
instance when, one says lunch, an American
referring to hamburger or pizza. But most
Filipinos would most likely be thinking a rice
meal. In view on example, American linguist
Eugene A. Nida (1914-2011 comments)
Language and culture are two symbolic
systems. Everything we say in language has
meanings, designative or sociative, denotative or
connotative. Every language form we use has
meanings, carries meanings that are not in the
same sense because it is associated with culture
and culture is more extensive than language.
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH, DR. DOUGLAS H.
BROWN AT SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY
POINTED OUT THAT:

Language is a part of culture and culture

is part of language. The two are intricately
interwoven so one cannot separate the two
without losing the significance of either
language or culture.
Language binds together people when it is
commonly understood and serves as part
of group identity as in the case of ethno-
linguistic, subculture lingo, national
identity etc.
TOP 10 MOST SPOKEN
LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD
Mandarin,
English,
Hindustani,
Spanish,
Russian,
Arabic,
Bengali,
Portuguese,
Malay-Indonesian and
French.
 Language conveys meanings effectively
depending how communication effective is.
Barriers in communication may result
undesirable reaction and unfavourable
response in the social process. The
following are socio-cultural and
psychological barriers in to effective
communication.
Social Differentiation. linguistic
distinctiveness characteristic of social
group or social status posses on their own
vocabulary (slang or jargon) which make
it sound unfamiliar to others.
 Personality. Inferiority complex, shyness,
fears, defense mechanisms emotional
tendencies and state of mind may affect the
case and focus of communication due to
disturbance, indifference and hostility.
Bias and Insensitivity. Reading and
listening by abstraction or choosing parts in
selective comprehension, prejudice, incorrect
assumptions, tactless, close-minded or narrow-
minded etc. Filters out information.
 Language Barrier. Foreign language,
variation in language brought about
bydialectsand matters of pronounciation,
accent, grammar,idiomatic expressions.
Connotations, etc.may pose as an obstacleto
comprehension.
Technological Limits. While communication
devices such as mobile phones, internet chat,
video-conferencing, etc. facilities information
relay; the absence of communication on a
personal level may result to
miscommunication,misinterpretation,
conflicting perception, and frustration.
AMERICAN LINGUISTS DR. EDWARD SAPIR (1884-1939)
AND BENJAMIN LEE WHORF (1897-1941) BROUGHT
ATTENTION TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, AND CULTURE IN 1929 BY
POSTULATING:

Linguistic Relativism. There are certain

thoughts of an individual in one language that
cannot be understood by those who live in
another language.
Linguistic Determinism. Language
determines how individuals think and how they
see the world which is greatly affected by their
native languages. Different language patterns
yield different patterns of thought which affects
the way as individual perceives and interprets an
accurate representation of the world and thus
affecting also knowledge.
 Cultureinfluences the structure and
functions of a groups language,
which in turn influences the
individual interpretations of reality .
Whorf saw language and culture as
two inseparable sides of a single
coin.
DISCIPLINE OF LINGUITICS
Linguistics and Language
Our national hero, Jose Rizal was
himself a polyglot having mastered 22
languages (Tagalog, Ilocano, Spanish,
Portuguese, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit,
English, French, German, Arabic, Hebrew,
Catalan, Dutch, Italian, Chinese,
Japanese, Swedish, Russian, Malay,
Bisayan and Subanon).
 It was necessary for Rizal to master many
languages to learn from foreign
publications and communicate with
foreign scholars since English at that time
was not yet even recognize as a universally
known language during that time Rizal
was also a linguist having produced
research works on Tagalong grammar
and a comparative study of Bisayan and
Malayan languages. His scholarly research
entitled Tagaliche Verkunst (Tagalog
Metrical Art) was presented before the
Ethnographic Society of Berlin in 1887.
 Linguistics is the scientific study of
language in a cultural context. Linguistics
describes languages in their own merits.
and unlike grammar, it does not lay down
rules of correctness which is why
linguistics is said to be descripitive, while
grammar is prescriptive. The subject of
formal linguitic analysis is not the written
language but rather the spoken language.
Writing and reading are learned,unlike
spoken language which is acquired.
DR. NOAM CHOMSKY
In 1957, Professor of Lingustics, Dr.
Noam Chomsky of Massachusetts
Institute of Technology,USA. Chomsky
assumes that children are born with a
language acquisition device (LAD) which
is made up of a set general principles
applicable to all languages that is called
universal grammar.
FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE
Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure (1857
1913) who laid the foundations of structural
linguistics draw a distinction between (langue)
and speaking (parole):
Its not to be confused with human speech, of
which it is only a definite part, through certainly
an essential one. It is both a social product of the
faculty of speech and a collection of necessary
conventions that have been adopted by a social
body to permit individuals to exercise that
faculty.
 Saussure also explained the function of language
from structural linguists perspective:
Language is not a function of the speaker; it is a
product that is passively assimilated by the
individual without language, thought is
vague there are no pre-existing ideas, and
nothing is distinct before the appearance of
language.. the charecteristics role of language
with respect to thought is not to create a material
phonic means for expressing ideas but to serve as
a link between thought and sound.
 Language is a structured system of arbitrary signs
that communicate meaning. Language structure
refers to the way in which all the element of the
language are organized for the purpose of
communication.
Language is structured in such that the individual
sounds (phonemes) of the language combine into
meaningful words (morphemes) that combine into
meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentence pattern
(grammar).
Language is arbitrary because there is no natural or
intrinsic relationship between a word and its meaning,
otherwise every language would have the same words
for the same meanings.
THE BASIC UNIT OF LANGUAGE IS A
SIGN.
A sign is composed of signifier (a sound-image, or
its graphic equivalent) and a signified (the
concept or meaning). Communication takes in
two forms:
1. Verbal. This refers to communication in the
composition of words which can be spoken,
listened, written, and read.
2. Non-Verbal. This refers to unwritten and
unspoken language such as gestures, body
posture and movement, facial expressions, eye
contact, voice tone, touch, and visual
representations.
WHAT MAKES HUMAN LANGUAGE
UNIQUE IN COMPARISON TO
ANIMAL LANGUAGE ARE ITS
CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY BE
ENUMERATED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Arbitrariness. The link between a linguistic
sign and its meaning in a matter of social
convention of mutual understanding among those
adopting it.
2. Duality. The property of having two levels of
structures consisting of primary units or
meaningful words and secondary units or
meaningless sounds.
 3. Creativity. Animal languages do not
have phonemes or articulated and
differentiated sound to produce infinite set
of words and sentences generating new
meanings.
4. Displacement. The ability to
communicate about things that are
physically absent or those that are
abstract concepts at the moment of
communication.
VARIATIONS OF HUMAN
LANGUAGE
1. Dialect. A variation of language base on
regional or social speech patterns.
2. Register. A variety of language catered for

specific purposes and settings like business

language, diplomatic language, romantic language,
legal and medical parlance, etc.
3. Archaism. A type of language that is

considered antiquated or old fashioned such as

dial the phone number phones now have no
rotary dial) , rewind the tape and watch the
film (modern media is digitally stored instead of
being recorded on film), thou speaketh (Old
English language saying you speak.
 4. Pidgin. It is an unstable auxiliary contact
language arising from the need of people to
occasionally interact in situation such as trade
and commerce in the absence of common
language by devising a simplified, makeshift,
language that is combination of limited
vocabulary and modified grammar from different
known languages.
5. Creole. A stabilized pidgin language that
becomes the basic language of a native language
such as that of Chavacano: Spanish-base creole
language in the Philippines mainly spoken in
Zamboanga.
SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS
To begin with, the distinction must be made
between the person learns to communicate in
many languages and a person who scientifically
studies language. The first one pertains the
polyglot whose intention in mastering of
language is only for the purpose or being able to
use it in communication, whereas the latter
pertains to a linguist whose general interests of
scientific study in language are:
 Phonetics. The study of speech sounds themselves which
include production of the speech sounds (articulation) and
the properties of the sounds themselves (acoustics).
Phonology. The study of the sound patterns (phonemes) in
language including pattern of basic speech unit and the
accepted rules of pronunciation.
Morphology. The study of the smallest units of meaning
(morphemes) which include internal structure and meaning
of words.
Syntax. The study of the structure (grammar) of clauses,
phrases, sentence with regards to the interrelationship of
words.
Semantics. The study of linguistic meaning (literal and
figurative) with reference or extension to the objects it
applies.
Pragmatics. The study of ways by which context or
situation contributes to meaning and style of conversation.
THERE ARE ALSO SPECIAL AREAS OF
PARTICULAR INTEREST TO LINGUISTS, TO
MENTION SOME:
Historical Linguistics. It is concerned with the
occurring changes in languages over the passing of time.
Sociolinguistics. It is concerned with the ways

language is used in society the correlations of social

factors that contribute to language use and change.
Psycholinguistics. It is concerned with the mental

structure and processes involved in language

acquisition, comprehension, and production.
Neurolinguistics. It is concerned with the brain

activities involved in language information processing,

storing, retrieving.
Stylistics. It is concerned with the interpretation of

literary text from the linguistic perspective.

ROUTINES AND RITUALS
Linguists are very interested in humans
ability to be creative with language as
part of defining competence, but also in
how, when, and why humans choose not to
be creative, to repeat what has been heard
and said many times before, often in
exactly the same form. The relation of
ritual to social control has already been
discussed, but the general nature of
routines and rituals requires further
consideration.
 Routines must be learned, as well as analyzed, as single units,
although they may vary in length from single syllables (Hi) to
phrases (How do you do, April fool, and Have a nice day) to a
sequence of sentences (the well rehearsed pitch of a door-to-door
salesman or telemarketer). They may be uttered by an individual, or
may require cooperation between two or more persons, as in a
greeting sequence or in minister/congregation alternation in the
reading of scriptures. Understanding routines requires shared
cultural knowledge because they are generally metaphoric in nature,
and must be interpreted at a non-literal level. They include
greetings, leave takings, curses, jokes, condolences, prayers,
compliments, and other formulaic language. Sneezes, hiccoughs, or
other involuntary noises may require routines to repair the
situation, as may simultaneous talking or spontaneous silence in a
group. In Japan or Korea, a sneeze means someone is talking about
you, and many English speakers say Bless you to a sneezer because
of traditional beliefs that it is the soul or spirit escaping, or a sign of
illness; Turkish speakers wish the person a long life. Someone who
hiccoughs in Germany makes a wish, and in Puerto Rico, a common
response is Did you steal something?
One occasion where a prescribed routine is
considered too impersonal is the bereavement
of a friend; condolence therefore often takes
the form of I dont know what to say, which has
itself become a routine. This contrasts sharply
with other speech communities where fixed
condoling routines are considered an essential
component of funerary ritual.
 Ritual is made up of routines, but these are given far greater cultural
significance for being part of a ritual context, rather than everyday
encounters. Its context-bound nature was noted by Malinowski (1935),
who found in studying ritual that the meaning of symbols could not be
interpreted in isolation, but only in the context of the meaning of the
ritual situation. Magical incantations provide one example of ritual: the
language is fixed, and the linguistic formula themselves are expected to
exert some control over the supernatural. Parts of a spell have no
meaning uttered by themselves; the whole must always be recited in full
to have effect. Paralinguistic features of production are clearly
differentiated from normal language, with spells often recited in a sing-
song manner, and with distinctive rhythm and pitch. As routines often
mark the boundaries of speech events by opening and closing them,
rituals serve as boundary markers for major changes in social status:
puberty rites, weddings, funerals, and graduation ceremonies. Ritual use
of language encodes cultural beliefs and reflects community social
organization that it has been of primary interest to ethnographers, but
this has led to the criticism that the field has focused on the ceremonial
or special uses of language to the neglect of more everyday
communication. A related issue which this raises is that of the inequality
of languages: not all languages are equally capable of serving the same
functions in a society.
LANGUAGE FAMILY AND ETHNO-
LINGUISTIC GROUP
Language Families
Language Family refers to a group of languages

related through descent from a common

protolanguage (parent language). Language
families develop when the protolanguage splits
into two or more dialects (variations) that
eventually become distinct such that it becomes
unrecognizable to the other groups of people living
in isolation or wide distance apart. The different
languages become recognized as distinctively
separate languages and the same scenario occurs
throughout generations and places.
PROFESSOR OF ARCHEOLOGY, DR. PETER
BELLWOOD OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY LOOKED AT LARGE SCALE
LANGUAGE SPREAD AND REPLACEMENT
FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF BOTH.
Recorded history and the comparative linguistics
histories of major language families concluded that:

....single languages,when introduced into new

territories , will normally take hold on a permenent
basis,as whole-population vernaculars,if they are
imported in the mouths of substantial numbers oh
their native speakers. Native population might
undergo language shift, but only if the number of
incoming speaker of the target language is sufficient to
impose the required network of bilingualism for the
shift to occurs , or if they bring in potent disease...
giving them the requisite demographic egde eventually
to impose their language on the native population.
 British linguist, Dr. Nicholas Ostler
examamined the diachronic sociolinguistics
(history) of the written language of the world
from 2,500 BC onwards to recent times . As to
how language families spread in history .
Ostler explains :
...when its speaker moved, its
domained would move with them ,and if the
community grew , so would the number of its
speaker . If the community lost its identity or
its, distinguishing custom the language.
The six major language families in the world in
terms in the numbers of speaker and the
numbers of sub-families of language they
contain are :
1.Afro-Asiatic ; 4.Niger-Congo;
2.Autronesian; 5.Sino-Tibertan
3.Indo-European; 6.Trans-New guniea
Together they account for nearly two-thirds of
all language and five-sixths of the worlds
population.
PHILIPPINE ETHNO-LINGUISTIC
GROUP
Ethno-linguistic groups refer to people grouped
according to share common indigenous language
which serves as part of their cultural identity.
Professor of linguistics, Dr, jessie Grace U.
Rubrico of the Department of language and
literacy education of University of Malaya , Kuala
Lumpur,Malaysia mentioned that all indigenous
languages in the Phillipines with the exception
of Chavacano belong Malayo polynesian
subgroup of the Austronesian family of
language.
 The eight languages with most number of native
speaker are Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicol,
Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapangpangan,Pangasinese.
These were the very same eight language that
becomes selection basis by the Institute of
National Language established in 1936 for
evolving the national language of the
Philippines,pursuant to Commonwealth Act No.
184 as provided by Article XIV , section 3 of the
1935 constitution which read :
The congress shall necessary steps towards
the development of a national language which
will be based on one of the existing native
languages....
The number of individual languages listed for
Philippines is 175. Of those, 171 are
living
languages four indigenous languages in the
Philippines are now extinct namely:
Agta Dicamay.

Agta Villaviciosa.
Ayta Tayabas and,

Katabaga
 A language is considered extinct
when it is not anymore bring spoken
by any individual, while a language
is considered endangered if children
are no longer learning

and speaking the language to

ensure its continuity.
 Professor of linguistics, Dr. Thomas N, Headland
of the Summer Institute of Linguistics,
Dallas, Texas, and
University of North Dakota mentioned 32
endangered Negrito languages
in the Philippines and pointed
out:
There are 6,809 languages spoken in the
world today. conservative estimates are that the
worlds languages each month, and linguists
predict that most of todays languages will die out
in the next 100 years.
PROFESSOR OF LINGUISTICS,
DR. NANCY C. DORLAN OF
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE,
PENNSYLVANIA, USA LISTED
THREE SYMPTOMS OF
LANGUAGE DEATH:
Fewer speakers
Fewer areas of use, and
Structural simplification.
PROFESSOR OF LINGUISTICS, DR.
JOSHUA FISHMAN OF YESHIVA
UNIVERSITY ,NEW YORK, USA SAID
THAT WORST ENDANGERED
LANGUAGES ARE USE TODAY:

By socially isolated old folks.

By a socially integrated population
beyond child-bearing age.
Only orally, with no indigenous
literacy.
 Out of the 6,809 known languages in the
world, 473 are classified as nearly extinct.
Professor of linguistics, Dr. David
Crystals arguments for the need to save
endangered languages is summarized by
Dr. Headland as follows:
Linguistic diversity enriches our human
ecology: 6.800 unique models for
describing the world.
Languages are expressions of identity: a
nation without a language is like a nation
without a heart.
 Languages are reposition of history.
Languages contribute to the sum of
human knowledge: each language provides
a new slant on how the human minds
work; as we learn more about languages
we increase our stock of human wisdom.
Languages are interesting subjects in
their own right.
 The Commission on the Filipino Language (CFL)
under the Office the President was established by
Republic Act. 7104 under the provision of article XIV,
section 6 in 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that:
The congress shall established a national
language commission composed of representatives of
various regions and disciplines which shall undertake,
coordinate and promote researches for the development
propagation and preservation of Filipino and other
Philippine language.
Republic Act. No. 7104 was signed into law on
August 14 1991 by former Philippine president Corazon
C. Aquino for CFLs purpose to formulate policies, plans
and programs to ensure the further development,
enrichment, propagation, and preservation of Filipino
and other Philippine languages.
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN
SPEECH AND LANGUAGES
Divine gift of Protolanguage

Protolanguage is a reference to calling of what is

presumed to be an original parent language and
precursor of other language in the world, which
many religions since the ancient times claim to
have been handed down by Gods in order that
man and God can communicate.
 Abrahamic religions (juadaism, Christianity and
islam) believe that language is already inherent in the
creation of man as read in Genesis chapter 2 verses
19-20 of the bible
Then the Yahweh god formed from earth all the
beast of the field and all the birds in the air brought
them to man (adam) to see what he would call them:
and whatever man call every living creature, that what
its name. So man gives name to all the cattle, the birds
of the air and every beasts of the field.
The Hindus of their religion also believed that
the ancient sacred scriptures Vedas written in
Sanskrit language has been passed-on to man as the
language of Gods.
ANATOMICAL EVOLUTION
The development of languages may be treated as a by- product of
human anatomical evolution or from another viewpoint of the result of
adaption. From the perspective of human evolution, the first human
species Homo habilis revealed of evidence of having of brain comprised
of a Brocas area which is associated with speech of modern humans.
This suggest as early as about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago, the potential
for speech began to emerge in order for language to evolve.
The first of modern human species Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
(Neanderthal man) showed first evidence of having a hyoid bone
which is the only bone in the body that is not directly connected to
another bone. The hyoid is supported by the muscles of the neck and it,
in turn, supports the base of the tongue. Its position in the throat is
what makes human speech possible. Researchers from the Universidad
Complutense de Madrid conclude that;
...modern hyoid morphology was present by at least 530,000
years ago and appears to represent a shared derived feature of the
modern human and Neanderthal evolutionary lineages inherited from
their last common ancestor.
 Professor of Linguistics, Dr. Philip Lieberman of
brown university, Rhode Island, USA suggested
that speech improved greatly about 150,000 years
ago when the larynx descended into the throat
which improved the ability of early humans to
make key vowel sounds.
As soon as speech became anatomically
possible, the development of language was also
possible. It is no coincidence that the first
evidences of cultural advancements about 100,000
years ago show early modern humans had
expanded their ways of expressing meaning
through symbolism and the arts.
 It 2001, a research team led by professor of genetics, Dr.
Anthony P. Monaco of oxford university, England had identified
the gene that is linked to human speech and language which
suggests that linguistic ability in humans is innate and
hardwired to the brain. The gene FOXP2 (Forkhead box protein)
was identified through studies of a severe speech language and
disorder. The gene id required during early embryonic
development for formation of brain regions associated with
speech and language.
Later in 2008, a research team at the Max Planck
Institute for evolutionary anthropology in Leipzig, Germany led
by professor of biology, Dr. Svante Paabo, extracted
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the bones of two Neanderthals
and found studies had shown that two gene mutations occurred
in the FOXP2 gene, the first which was 6 million years ago when
the hominid species split from other primates, followed by the
second mutation about 100,000 years ago. The findings match
archaeological estimates for the emergence of spoken language.
FORCEFUL ADAPTION
Due to cognitive pressures impacted by the environment, early
humans were forced by circumstances to instinctively evolve a
language for their adaption requirements such as the need for
improved communication for coordinated hunting such that they
would have tried to imitate animal sounds to make reference to
the presence of a certain animal.
Language would have been beneficial for the survival of
the group especially if one has to warn his group members about
the dangers and threats in the environment such as a poisonous
plant which would have killed them all before they would have
possibly come to know through warning.
The gregariousness or sociability of man would have
exerted cognitive pressures to communicate thoughts and
emotions to his fellow humans in the group. Increased cognitive
skills could have led to greater improvements in language
communication.
CYBERLANGUAGE
Cyberculture serves as the interface between
internet users and as such, it has evolved its own
kind of language. The following are some of
channels that online internet users that utilize
and communicate or participate in interactions
Electronic mail (Email). An alternative way to
send snail mail (postal mail) through a faster
almost instantaneous to as many recipients and
allows users to attach digital files and access
these messages and files anywhere and anytime
there is an internet connection available.
 Instant Message (IM). This these are web-based
applications that allow an online user to have a close-
door real-time chat with person or a group people
included in a contact list which can also done through
videoconferencing or voice internet protocol (VolP) or
transmission of voice messages.

Chat room. It is a public place in the internet when

people can enter and join virtual rooms and converse in
real time socialization and purposes and as a way of
hanging out of a group

Personal websites. These are websites where people

own and maintain a webpage account to connect people
they established relationships with either as friends,
family members, relatives, classmates, colleagues
associates etc and share information among them.
 Social Media Network. These are websites where people maintain
and own webpage account to upload and share multimedia files such
as music videos photos as a way of communicating through the
audio-visual arts wherein visitors can post their reactions and
comments.

Internet Forum. These are discussion sites or public places in the

internet where people can start topics and attract people in converge
and expand on the exchange of views and information and sharing
via web boards or online bulletin boards where anyone could post
public messages and take out post. Successive posting on a topic
become what is referred to as a thread.

Weblog. A term coined by Jorn Barger in 1997 which means logging

on to a website. It has come to refer to a personal online diary
wherein a person could log entries regarding experiences, activities,
commentaries, observations, and status updates. The activity of
making log entries is called blogging and the person engaged in the
activity is called a blogger.
CYBERLANGUAGE OR NETLINGO
Cyberlanguage or netlingo had evolved
internet catered acronyms as shortcuts to online
communication. To mention some examples that
are commonly used in internet communication
are: asl (age, sex, location) lol (laughing out loud)
afk (away from keyboard), and brb (be right back)
and gtg (got to go). Such acronyms hag emerged
for convenience especially in real-time online
chatting to reduce the number of keyboard
strokes in order to communicate fast especially
for the person who is slow at typing words.

 L33tspeak (elite speak) is a type of chat slang that

is commonly used among online gamers which is a way
of writing by replacing alphabet letters with numbers
and combinations of characters. Some examples are:
n00b (newbie), 4[\]6(_)493 (language), and 143 (I love
you)
Emoticons serve to supplement the expression of

emoticons and reactions through static or animated

graphical icons or a combination of keyboard
characters that is meant to be read sideways.
Examples of which, indicates a smile expressing joy,
indicates a frown expressing a sad face, xoxo
represents hugs and kisses and @--/-- represents a
rose.
WE SHOULD HAVE A GREAT FEWER DISPUTES IN
THE WORLD
IF WORDS WERE TAKEN FOR WHAT THEY ARE ,
THE SIGNS OF OUR IDEAS ONLY, AND
NOT FOR THINGS THEMSELVES

John Locke (1632-1704)

British Philosopher

 THE LIMITS OF MY
LANGUAGE ARE THE
LIMITS OF MY WORLD

-Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

KIND WORDS CAN BE SHORT
AND EASY TO SPEAK,
BUT THEIR ECHOES ARE
TRULY ENDLESS.

Saint Teresa of Calcutta (1910-1997)

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
CARPE DIEM!!!