Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Grid
Iowa State University
1
Outline
Basic Introduction
Reactive power ; Voltage Stability ; PV curves
2
IEEE/CIGRE View on Stability 1
Power
System
Stability
Rotor Voltage
Frequency
Angle Stability
Stability
Stability
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Voltage Stability Cont
Possible outcomes of this instability :
Loss of load in an area
Tripping of lines and other elements
leading to cascading outages
Loss of synchronism of some generators may
result from these outages or from operating
condition that violate field current limit
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Voltage Stability Cont..
Driving Force for Voltage instability (usually
loads):
The power consumed by the loads is restored by
Distribution Voltage regulators
Tap-changing transformers
Thermostats
A run down situation causing voltage instability
occurs when the load dynamics attempt to restore
power consumption beyond the capability of the
transmission network and the connected
generation
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Voltage Stability Cont..
It involves : Small and Large
disturbance as well as Short Term and
Long Term time scales
Short Term : Involves fast acting load
components : induction motors,
Electronically controlled loads , HVDC
converters
Short circuits near loads are important
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Voltage Stability Cont..
Long Term:
Involves slow acting equipment:
Tap changing transformers
Thermostatically controlled loads
Generator current limiters
Instability is due to the loss of long-term
equilibrium
In many cases static analysis can be used
For timing of control Quasi-steady-state time
domain simulation is recommended
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9
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FERC Order 661A
ZVRT
( Zero Voltage Ride Through)
2008 - present
3 short of 0 V at POI for 0.15s
(9 cycles)
(Wind farms installed prior to Dec.
31, 2007 are allowed to trip off line
in the case of a fault depressing the
voltage at the POI to below 0.15
p.u., or 15 percent of nominal
voltage)
PF
0.95
(including dynamic voltage
support, if needed for safety
and reliability)
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Proposed WECC Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)
requirements for all generators1
Most
grid
codes
now
require
that
wind
power
plants
assist
the grid
in
maintain
ing or
regulatin
g the
system
voltage
2. Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul Srensen, Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis ,Mapping of grid faults and grid
codes Ris-R-1617(EN), July 2007
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Summary of ride-through capability for wind turbines2
2. Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul Srensen, Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis ,Mapping of grid faults and grid
codes Ris-R-1617(EN), July 2007
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In general all generators which are coupled to the network
either with inverters or with synchronous generators are
capable of providing reactive power ( for Example Doubly Fed
Induction Generator)
Grid
Source: http://www.windsimulators.co.uk/DFIG.htm
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Voltage Controller
A voltage controller placed at the Point of Interconnect (POI) measures
utility line voltage, compares it to the desired level, and computes the
amount of reactive power needed to bring the line voltage back to the
specified range .
Monitors POI or
remote bus
PI control adjusts
stator Qref signal from
Verror
Qmx/n
CC (capability curve)
FERC
Qmax Poutput tan(cos 1 (0.95))
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Grid Side Reactive
Power Boosting
MVAR
By default the grid voltage is
controlled by the rotor-side
converter as long as this is not
blocked by the protection device
(i.e. crowbar), otherwise the grid
side converter takes over the
control of the voltage
Rated 1.5 MW
electrical
power
Rated 1.3 MW
generator
power
Rated stator 575 V
voltage
Rotor to stator 3
turns ratio
Machine 30 kgm2
inertia
Rotor inertia 610000 kgm2
Inductance: 4.7351,
mutual, stator, 0.1107,
rotor 0.1193 p.u.
Resistance: 0.0059,
stator, rotor 0.0066 p.u.
Number of 3
poles
Grid 60 Hz
frequency
Gearbox ratio 1:72
Nominal rotor 16.67 rpm
speed
Rotor radius 42 m
Maximum slip +/- 30%
range
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Converter Sizing
Penetration Level
Installed Wind Capacity
Load
Various Wind Penetration Levels at
15, 20, 25 & 30% are simulated
20
a) Impact of Capability Curve on
System Losses
Penetration Level
Installed Wind Capacity
Load
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b) Impact of Capability Curve on
Voltage Stability Margin
TM Transfer Margin
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Power Transfer Margin at Different
Penetration Levels (50 MVAr at 204 and 3008)
Base power transfer without
wind is 13.5%
Penetration Level
Plant Output
20% 25 % 30%
0%
15.1 15.3 17.1
33%
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Dynamic Performance Validation
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20% penetration at cut-in
Cut-in (4 m/s)
speed
Q limits
CC (0.72,-0.92)
RPF (0.0, 0.0)
153 voltage
RPF control
unable to recover post
fault
PEC crowbar protection
does not activate
reactive injections
during fault.
Extended reactive
capability stabilizes
system
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20% penetration at 15%
output
Q limits
CC (0.70, -0.90)
RPF (0.08, -0.08)
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20% penetration at 100% output
Q limits
CC (0.36, -0.69)
RPF (0.34, -0.34)
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Voltage Stability Assessment Incorporating
Wind Variability
Electricity generated from wind power can be highly
variable with several different timescales
hourly, daily, and seasonal periods
[1] Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power , Report available Online :
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/workingpapers/2007/W82.pdf
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Voltage Secure Region of
Operation (VSROp)
For each PV curve the amount of wind generation is kept
BUS constant and the load and generation is increased
VOLTAGE according to a set loading and generation increase scenario
WIND
VARIABILITY
0 POWER
TRANSFER
W2
W1
W3
The redispatch
strategy for
increase or
decrease in wind
generation.
Sample Test System
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Results:
Comparison of Redispatch Strategies at Location 1
Results:
Comparison of Redispatch Strategies at Location 2
Large System
Implementation
5600 buses with 11 areas constitute the Study
area with 2 wind rich regions.
Total base case load is 63,600 MW with 6500 MW
coming from Wind.
With a given set of 50 critical contingencies the
minimum power transfer margin possible is 300
MW
3000 MW of wind is varied between 0 to 3000.
To compensate for reduced wind additional units
are brought online to compensate for the loss of
wind.
VSROP for Large System
Observations
A larger power transfer margin available over the
entire range of variability with Capability Curve
Leads to higher penetration levels
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