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x+3=0 x-2=0
or
x = -3 x=2
(x + 3)(x + 2) You try
(x + 5)(x + 2)
(x 2)(x + 3)
x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) (x + 2)(x 4)
x X (x + 2) + 3 X (x + 2)
(x 3)(x 2)
xXx+xX2+3Xx+3X2
x2 + 2x + 3x + 6
x2 + 5x + 6
Solve by factorising: 0 = x2 + 7x + 12
Write down all 1 x 12 = 12
the factor pairs 2 x 6 = 12
(x
(x )(x
of 12.
)(x )) 3 x 4 = 12
What
What goes
goes
From this list,
with
choose the pairthe
with that x?
the x? 3+4=7
adds up to 7
0 = (x + 3)(x + 4)
Put these numbers
into brackets x = 3 and 4
Solve by factorising: 0 = x2 + x - 6
Write down all the 1 x -6 = -6
factor pairs of 6 2 x -3 = -6
3 x -2 = -6
6 x -1 = -6
From this list,
choose the pair (3) + (-2) = 1
that adds up to 1
32=1
to the form ( x m )2 n 2 ?
The procedure for changing ax 2 bx c 0
is as follows. First, divide by a , this
gives
b c
x x 0
2
a a
c
Then subtract from both sides. This
a
gives
b c
x x
2
a a
Recall that
( x r ) x 2rx r
2 2 2
If we let
b
2r
a
we can solve for r to get
b
r
2a
b
Substituting r in ( x r )2 x 2 2rx r 2
2a
we get 2
b 2 b b
(x ) x x 2
2
2a a 4a
Using the symmetric property of
equations to reverse this equation we get
2
b b b 2
x x 2 (x )
2
a 4a 2a
Now we will return to where we left our
original equation.
b 2
b c
If we add to both sides of x x
2
4a 2
a a
we get
2 2
b b c b
x2 x 2 2
a 4a a 4a
b 2 4ac
4a 2
b 2 b 2 4ac
or (x )
2a 4a 2
We can now solve this by taking the
square root of both sides to get
b b 4ac2
x
2a 2a
b b 4ac 2
x
2a 2a
b b 4ac
2
x
2a
Example:
3 x 2 12 x 20 0 [By completing square method]
20
3( x 4 x ) 0
2
3
20
3[( x 2) 4 ] 0
2
3
3( x 2) 32 0
2
3( x 2) 2 32
32
( x 2)
2
3
x 1.27, x 5.27
Quadratic Formula
b b 4ac
2
x
2a
Song :
The Quadratic formula allows you to find the roots of a quadratic
equation (if they exist) even if the quadratic equation does not
factorise.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
The roots of the quadratic equation are given by :
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
Example :
x 2 + 5x + 6= 0 5 25 ( 24)
x
Solution: 2
x 2 + 5x + 6= 0
5 1
a=1 b=5 c=6
x
2
b b 2 4ac 51 51
x x or x
2a 2 2
5 5 2 ( 4 1 6) x = - 2 or x = - 3
x
21 These are the roots of the equation.
Example :
8x 2 + 2x - 3= 0
2 4 ( 96)
x
Solution : 16
8x 2 + 2x - 3= 0 2 100
x
a = 8 b = 2 c = -3 16
2 10 2 10
x or x
b b 4ac
2
16 16
x
2a
x = or x = -
2 2 2 ( 4 8 3)
x
2 8
These are the roots of the equation.
Example :
2x 2 +3x - 7= 0 3 9 ( 56)
x
Solution: 4
2x 2 + 3x 7 = 0 3 65
x
4
a=2 b=3 c=-7
3 8.0622 3 8.0622
x or x
b b 2 4ac 4 4
x
2a x = 1.27 or x = - 2.77
3 3 2 ( 4 2 7 )
x These are the roots of the equation.
2 2
Discriminant
Example :
x2 - 8x + 16 = 0
a=1;
b=-8;
c=16
b2-4ac=(-8)2-4(1)(16)
=64-64
b2-4ac=0
real, rational, equal
Example :
2x2 + 5x 3 = 0
a= ? b= ? c= ?
b2-4ac=52-4(2)(-3)
=25+24
b2-4ac=49
Real, rational, unequal
Example :
x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
b2-4ac=52-4(1)(3)
=25-12
b2-4ac=13
real, irrational, unequal
Example :
x2 x + 2 = 0
b2-4ac=12-4(1)(2)
=1-8
b2-4ac=-7
imaginary
b2 - 4ac = 0 : real, rational, equal.
if a > 0 if a < 0
Key features of the graph:
1. The maximum or minimum point on the
graph is called the vertex. The x-
coordinate of the vertex is:
b
x
2a
2
b b
y a b c
2a 2a
b2
y c
4a
2. The y-intercept; the y-coordinate of the
point where the graph intersects the y-axis.
The y-intercept is:
When x = 0, y = c
y-intercept: f (0) 8
x-intercepts: x 2 2 x 8 ( x 4)( x 2) 0
x 4, x 2.
Example:
Sketch the graph of f ( x) x 4 x 4
2
4
Vertex: x 2, f (2) 0; (2,0)
2(1)
y-intercept: f (0) 4
x-intercept(s): x 4 x 4 0
2
x 2 4 x 4 0; ( x 2) 0; x 2
Example:
4
Vertex: x 2, f (2) 1; (2,1)
2(1)
y-intercept: f (0) 5
3x 4 x 4 0
2
x 16
2
Quadratic Inequalities
x 3 x 2 0
x 3 0 or x 2 0
x 3 or x 2
Solving a quadratic inequality
You may recall the graph of a quadratic function is a parabola
and the values we just found are the zeros or x-intercepts.
The graph of y x 2
x 6 is
(-2,0) (3,0)
Solving a quadratic inequality
From the graph we can see that in the intervals around the
zeros, the graph is either above the x-axis (positive) or below
the x-axis (negative). So we can see from the graph the
interval or intervals where the inequality is positive.
But how can we find this out without graphing the quadratic?
-2 3
Solving a quadratic inequality
Interval Test Point Evaluate in the inequality
x2 x 6 0 True/False
,2 x 3 3 2 3 6 9 3 6 6 0 True
2, 3 x0 0 2 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 False
3, x4 4 2 4 6 16 4 6 6 0 True
Solving a quadratic inequality
Thus the intervals ,2 or 3, make up the solution
set for the quadratic inequality, x 2 x 6 0 .
2 x 1 x 1 0
2 x 1 0 or x 1 0
1
x or x 1
2
0.5 x 1
Quadratic with linear
Solve: x2 8x + 16 > 2x +7
y = 2x + 10 Estimate ?
x<1
x>9
y = x2 8x +16
Example:
Solve: x2 8x + 16 > 2x +7
Algebraically:
1. Rearrange first
2. Solve like the others
x2 8x + 16 > 2x +7(-2x)
x2 10x + 16 > 7 (-7)
x2 10x + 9 > 0Like the ones we did
(x-9)(x-1) > 0 x>9 or x<1
Try this one
Solve: x2 + x + 4 > 4x +14
First: try a sketch
Algebraically:
1. Rearrange first
2. Solve like the others
x2 + x + 4 > 4x +14(-4x)
x2 3x + 4 > 14 (-14)
x2 3x - 10 > 0
(x+2)(x-5) > 0 x<-2 or x>5
Summary
In general, when solving quadratic inequalities
1. Find the zeros by solving the equation you get when you
replace the inequality symbol with an equals.
2. Find the intervals around the zeros using a number line
and test a value from each interval in the number line.
3. The solution is the interval or intervals which make the
inequality true.
Practice Problems
5 x 2 13 x 6 0 0.219 x 2.28
9 x2 0 No solution
2x 2 5x 1 0 0.4 x 3
x 2 5 x 4 4 x 1
x2 2x 4 x 3, x 3