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Waves & Sound
A. Waves
1. The nature of waves
a. A wave is a rhythmic
disturbance that transfers
energy.
b. All waves are made by
something that vibrates.
2. Mechanical waves need a
matter medium to travel
through.
(sound, water, seismic)
3. Two basic types of waves:
b. Compressional
a. Transverse
(longitudinal)
4. Wave properties:
a. Wavelength - distance from a
point on a wave to the same
corresponding point on the next
wave.
b. Frequency - number of waves
that pass a point in one second
(expressed in Hz).
c. Wavelength has an inverse
relationship to wave frequency.
d. Wave velocity depends on the type
of wave and medium.
1) Sound is faster in more dense
media and in higher temps.
2) Light is slower in more dense
media, but faster in a vacuum.

3)
e. Amplitude - size related to the
energy carried by the wave.
1) Transverse - how high above or
how low below the nodal line.
2) Compressional - how dense the
medium is at the compressions &
rarefactions.

5. Wave behavior:
a. Reflection - the bouncing back of a
wave.
1) Sound echoes
2) Light images in
mirrors
3) Law of reflection
i = r
b. Refraction - the bending
of a wave caused by a change
in speed as the wave moves
from one medium to another.

The girl
sees the
boys foot
closer to
the surface
than it
actually is.
No! He is looking straight down
If the boy looks down at his feet,
and not at an angle. There is no
will they seem closer to him than
refraction for him.
they really are?
c. Diffraction - the
bending of a wave around
the edge of an object.
1) Water waves
bending around islands
2) Water waves
passing through a slit and
spreading out
3) Diffraction depends on the size
of the obstacle or opening compared to
the wavelength of the wave.
Less occurs if wavelength is More occurs if wavelength is

smaller than the object. larger than the object.

4) AM radio waves are longer
and can diffract around large
buildings and mountains; FM cant.

d. Interference
- two or more
waves overlapping
to form a new
wave.

1) Constructive (in phase)
Sound waves that constructively
interfere are louder
2) Destructive (out of phase)
Sound waves that destructively
interfere are not as loud
e. Standing wave - a wave
pattern that occurs when two
waves equal in wavelength and
frequency meet from opposite
directions and continuously
interfere with each other.
node antinode

f. Resonance - the ability of an
object to vibrate by absorbing
energy at its natural frequency.

B. Sound
1. Energy is transferred from particle to
particle through matter.
2. How we hear
a. Outer ear collects sound.
b. Middle ear amplifies sound.
c. Inner ear converts sound.

3. Properties of sound
a. Intensity and loudness
1) Intensity depends on the
energy in a sound wave.
2) Loudness is human perception
of intensity.
3) Loudness is measured on the
decibel scale.
a) Threshold of hearing (0 db)
b) Threshold of pain (120 db)
b. Frequency and pitch
1) High frequency means more
vibrations hitting the ear.
2) Pitch is how high or how low a
sound seems to be.
3) Healthy humans can hear from 20
Hz to 20,000 Hz
4) We are most sensitive from 440
Hz to 7,000 Hz.
5) Ultrasonic sound has a frequency
greater than 20,000 Hz.
a) Dogs (up to 35,000 Hz)
b) Bats (over 100,000 Hz)
c) Medical diagnosis
6) Infrasonic sound has a frequency
below 20 Hz; they are felt rather than
heard
(earthquakes, heavy machinery).
c. Speed of sound
1) 332 m/s in air at 0 C.
2) Changes by 0.6 m/s for every
Celsius degree from 0 C.
3) Subsonic slower
4) Supersonic faster than sound
(Mach 1 = speed of sound)
5) Sonic boom (pressure cone)
d. The Doppler effect the change in
pitch due to a moving wave source.
1) Objects moving toward you cause
a higher pitched sound.
2) Objects moving away cause
sound of lower pitch.
3) Used in radar by police and
meteorologists and in astronomy.

4. Musical sound
a. Noise has no pattern.
b. Music has a pattern and deliberate
pitches.
c. Sound quality describes differences
of sounds that have the same pitch and
loudness.
d. Every instrument has its own set of
overtones.
e) Beats are pulsing variations of
loudness caused by interference of sounds
of slightly different frequencies.

5. Uses of sound
a. Acoustics the study of sound.
Soft materials dampen sound;
hard materials reflect it (echoes
and reverberations).
b. SONAR Sound Navigation and Ranging
(echolocation).
c. Ultrasound imaging
d. Kidney stones & gallstones.
Thanks
Submitted by
Ashi Shrivashtawa
DPS , Delhi

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