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Theory of Plasticity
Thermal Strains
Thermal strain is a special class of Elastic strain that
results from
expansion with increasing temperature, or
contraction with decreasing temperature
Increased temperature causes the atoms to vibrate by
large amount. In isotropic materials, the effect is the
same in all directions.
Over a limited range of temperatures, the thermal
strains at a given temperature T, can be assumed to be
proportional to the change, T.
T T0 T (A8-1)
where T0 is the reference temperature ( = 0 at T0). The
coefficient of thermal expansion, , is seen to be in units
of 1/oC, thus making strain dimensionless.
Since uniform thermal strains occur in all directions in
isotropic material, Hookes law for 3-D can be
generalized to include thermal effects.
x x y z T
1
E
y y x z T
1
(A8-2)
E
z z x y T
1
E
The theory of plasticity is concerned with a number of
different types of problems. It deals with the behavior
of metals at strains where Hookes law is no longer
valid.
From the viewpoint of design, plasticity is concerned
with predicting the safe limits for use of a material
under combined stresses. i.e., the maximum load which
can be applied to a body without causing:
Excessive Yielding
Flow
Fracture
Plasticity is also concerned with understanding the
mechanism of plastic deformation of metals.
Plastic deformation is not a reversible process, and
depends on the loading path by which the final state is
achieved.
In plastic deformation, there is no easily measured
constant relating stress to strain as with Youngs modulus
for elastic deformation.
The phenomena of strain hardening, plastic
anisotropy, elastic hysteresis, and Bauschinger effect
can not be treated easily without introducing
considerable mathematical complexity.
Figure 8-1(a). Typical true stress-strain curves for a ductile metal.
It is found that the yield stress in tension is greater than the yield
stress in compression.
Figure 8-2. Idealized flow curves. (a) Rigid ideal plastic material
Figure 8-2b. Ideal plastic material with elastic region
Figure 8-2c. Piecewise linear ( strain-hardening) material.
A true stress-strain curve is frequently called a flow
curve, because it gives the stress required to cause the
metal to flow plastically to any given strain.
The mathematical equation used to describe the stress-
strain relationship is a power expression of the form:
k n (8-1)
0 (tension) = 1 (8-4)
Hence,
p 1 2 3 107 N / m 2
Experiment to determine the yield stress of the shrimp
(defined as the stress at which the amplitude of the tail
wiggling would have becomes less than a critical value)
when crushed between two fingers showed that it occurred
at a stress of about 10-5 N/m-2 (14.5 psi).
Hence,
0 105 N / m 2
Rankines criterion predicts that shrimp failure would occur at
p 0 105 N / m 2
1 3
max (8.5)
2
Where 1 is the algebraically largest and 3 is the
algebraically smallest principal stress.
For uniaxial tension, 1 0, 2 3 0 , and the maximum
shearing yield stress 0 is given by:
0
0
2
Substituting in Eq. (8.3), we have
1 3 0
max 0
2 2
1 3 0 (8.6)
This criterion corresponds to taking the differences
between 1 and 3 and making it equal to the flow stress
in uniaxial tension.
This criterion does not predict failure under hydrostatic
stress, because we would have 1 = 3 = p and no
resulting shear stress.
von Mises or Distortion-Energy Criterion
where 2 J
1
6
2 3 2
1 2 2
3 1 2
(8.7)
02 02 6k 2
0 3k (8.8)
11 22 11 22 2
2
1, 2 12
2 2
Hence,
1 = 160 MPa; 2 = 30 MPa; 1 = 0
o
1
2
2 2
( 1 2 ) ( 2 3 ) ( 3 1 )
2 1/ 2