ISM

DHANBAD

LECTURE-11
09.03.11
M
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T RESERVOIR PRESSURE N
 1 Pressure gradient in the well
Pressure at higher depth (H 1) - ( Pressure at lower depth (H 2 )
Pressure gradient /m = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(H1) - (H2)
------------------------------ (1)
example
P1500 - P1490
Pressure gradient /10 m =--------------------------------------
10 -------- (2)

Where P1500 and P1400 are the example pressure at 1500m and
1490 m depths respectively

THE PRESSURE GRADIENT PER TEN METERS

UNDER THE STATIC CONDITIONS IS APPROXIMATLY
EQUAL TO THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE LIQUID.
2
Reduction of pressure at common datum

The static pressures are reduced to common

depth (datum).
Usually it is mid of horizon or mid of oil column.
(mid of top of oil bearing sand and OWC for oil
reservoirs.)
The relation may be given as:
P1 = P2 + (H1 - H2 )x (pressure gradient/m)
------------------------------ (3)

Where P1 and P2 are pressures in atmospheres

at depths H1 and H2
3 Depth of gas-oil ,oil water interface-
GOC and OWC
Gradient data provide a mean for selecting the
intervals in which fluid column changes from gas
to oil or from oil to water.
Once the intervals are selected, depth of the
hydrocarbon interface (Hc) can be calculated by
using the following formula:
(Pb - Pt) - Gdh H
Hc = H1 + ------------------------------------
GdI - Gdh
Where
------------------------------ (4)
Hc = Depth to interface, m
H1 = Depth to top of interval, in which interval occurs, m
Pb = pressure at bottom of interval, atm
Pt = pressure at top of interval, atm
Gdh = gradient of heavier fluid determined from upper interval, atm./m
Gdl = gradient of lighter fluid determined from upper interval, atm./m
H = distance between points of measurement of Pt and Pb
4
Pressure at the perforations
It is not possible to measure pressure at
perforations.
It can be reduced using following formula:
Pb - Pb-1
Pp = Pb + ------------- ( Hp Hb )
Hb - Hb-1
------------------------------ (5)
Where
Pp = pressure against the top of perforations, atm
Pb = pressure at lowest depth of the survey, atm
Pb-1 = pressure at the next lower depth of the survey, atm
Hb = depth of the lowest measured pressure Pb , m
Hp = depth of perforations, m
Hb-1 = depth of Pb-1 ,m
5 Average Reservoir Pressure
(approximation)
Static Bottom hole pressure could not be
determined for all the wells.
Some wells representing whole of the reservoir
are selected and static pressures are taken.
These are reduced to common datum.
Sub surface pressure can also be determined by
approximation formula given as:
Surface Depth of Average Depth of Average
Sub tubing the base gradient of the base gradient of
surface = or + of gas x the gas + of liquid x the liquid
pressure casing column column column column
pressure
 Average Reservoir Pressure

Averaging method includes: n

0 pi
(1)Well average pressure =-----------
n

n
0 p A i i

(2)Areal average pressure= ----------

n
0Ai

n
0 p A h i i i

(3)Volumetric average pressure=---------

n
0 A h i i
 Isobaric 6 PRESSURE
REPRESENTATION
maps
Isobaric maps show
by contours the
reservoir pressure of a
field or pool.
These are especially
useful in showing the
areas of decline in
pressure in a particular
reservoir.
Sets of isobar maps at
regular intervals show
the progressive
change in pressure.
Isobaric maps
 I
Pressure gradients M
P

Gas zone:
Less than 0.023 atm /m
(0.1 psi /ft)
Oil zone :
Varies from 0.064 to 0.0874 atm /m
(0.28 to 0.38 psi/ft)
Water zone :
Varies from 0.099 to 0.106 atm /m
(0.433 to 0.465 psi/ft)
EXAMPLE
The table given below may be used to compute:
(a) Pressure gradients.
(b) Depth of gas- oil and gas water inter face
(c) Pressures at GOC and WOC
Depth 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
m
Press. 51.6 55.2 59.2 63.8 81.4 99.0 119.0 140.0
atm

GIVEN :
Depths of top perforation : 1150 m
GOC : 740 m WOC : 1170 m
1: Computation of pressure gradients
Measured value Calculated value
Depth Pressure P Gradient
(m) (atm) (atm) (atm/m)
0 51.6 - -
200 55.2 3.6 0.018
400 59.2 4.0 0.020
600 63.8 4.6 0.023
800 81.4 17.6 0.088
1000 99.0 17.6 0.088
1200 119.0 20.0 0.100
1400 140.0 21.0 0.105
 Refer Slide 5
Depth of gas oil interface

(P
b - P ) - G H
t dh
Hc = H1 + ------------------------------------ ------------------------------ (4)
Gdl - Gdh
(63.8- 59.2)-0.088x200
= 400 +--------------------------------
0.088 0.023
(4.6 - 17.6)
=400 +----------------------- =400
Where
+200=600m -0.065
Hc = Depth to interface, m
H1 = Depth to top of interval, in which interval occurs, m
Pb = pressure at bottom of interval, atm
Pt = pressure at top of interval, atm
Gdh = gradient of heavier fluid determined from upper interval, atm./m
Gdl = gradient of lighter fluid determined from upper interval, atm./m
H + distance between points of measurement of Pt and Pb
 Refer Slide 5
Depth of oil-water interface
(99.0- 81.4)- 0.105x200
Hc = 800 + ------------------------------------
0.088 0.105

(17.6 - 21.0)
= 800 +---------------------------
0.17
= 800 +200=1000m
Pressure of the top of perforation can also be
determined using equation 1
Pp = 99 +0.088(1150 1000)=99+0.088 x 150
=99+13.2=112.2
Pressure at GOC:
PGOC=112 .2 + 0.088 (740 -1150)
= 112.2 + 0.088(-410)=112.2-36.8
=76.12 atm
Pressure at WOC:
PWOC=112 .2 + 0.088 (1170 -1150)
= 112.2 + 0.088(20)=112.2+1.76
=113.96atm