COMIMSA Module 4

Introduction

A welding inspector should be able to communicate with others involved

with the fabrication of a weldment.

This does not imply that all communication must be oral, but can also be

written or graphic.

The AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions aid in the

communication of welding information.

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Welded Joints

Before welding begins, the welding inspector may be required to examine

the weld joint configuration and fit.

A Joint is the junction of members or edges of members that are to be

joined or have been joined

The five basic types of joints are:

1) Butt
2) Corner
3) T
4) Lapp
5) Edge
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Types of Joints

Butt

Corner

Lap

Edge
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Types of Joints
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Types of Joints
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Types of Joints
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Types of Joints

Parts of the Weld Joint

Because this elements are often essential variables for WPSs, the

welding inspector will be required to actually measure to judge their

compliance with applicable drawings or other documents.

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Parts of the Weld Joint

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Parts of the Weld Joint
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Parts of the Weld Joint
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Types of Joints

Parts of the
Weld Joint
(Groove)
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2. Types of Joints

Parts of the
Weld Joint
(Fillet)
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2. Types of Joints

Parts of the
Weld Joint
(Fillet)
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Types of Welds
According to AWS A3.0, there are 18 basic types of welds used in arc
welding. Their names imply what the actual configuration looks like when
viewed in cross section.

Groove Others
1) Square Groove Weld 8) Fillet Weld 15) Slot Weld
2) Bevel Groove Weld 9) Edge Weld 16) Surfacing Weld
3) V Groove Weld 10) Edge Flange Weld 17) Back Weld
4) J Groove Weld 11) Corner Flange Weld 18) Backing Weld
5) U Groove Weld 12) Spot Weld
6) Flare Bevel Groove Weld 13) Seam Weld
7) Flare V Groove Weld 14) Plug Weld
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Types of Welds
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Types of Welds
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Types of Welds
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Types of Welds
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Types of Welds
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Types of Welds
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Completed Welds
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Fusion and Penetration Terminology

This features are difficult for the visual inspector to check without further
destructive or nondestructive examination.
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Fusion and Penetration Terminology

Root Penetration
Distance that the weld metal extends into
the joint root.

Joint Penetration
Distance the weld metal extends from
the weld face into a joint, exclusive of
any weld reinforcement.
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Weld Size Terminology

Heat Affected Zone

Portion of the base metal whose

mechanical properties or microstructure

have been altered by the heat of welding,

brazing, soldering, or thermal cutting.

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Weld Size Terminology

For a incomplete penetration groove

welds, the weld size is equal to the sum of
the joint penetration from both sides.

For a complete penetration groove welds,

the weld size will be equal to the thickness of
the thinner of the two members joined.
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Weld Size Terminology

Fillet Welds

1. Determine if the fillet weld is convex or

concave (see figure 4.27).
2. For convex fillet welds the leg, and size
are equal.
3. For concave fillet welds the size is slightly
less than its leg.
4. For unequal leg fillet welds, the fillet weld
size is defined as the leg lengths of the
larger right angle that can be inscribed
within the fillet weld cross section.
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Weld Size Terminology

Spot or Seam weld

Weld size is equal to the actual spot diameter or seam width.
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Weld Size Terminology

Edge or Flange weld

Weld size is equal to the total thickness of the weld from the weld root to
the weld face.
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Weld Aplication Terminology

Weld Pass
A single progression of welding
along a joint. The result of a pass
is a weld bead or weld layer.

Weld Layer
A stratum of weld metal
consisting of one or more weld
beads.
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Weld Aplication Terminology

Without appreciable weaving

motion

Transverse oscillation
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Weld Aplication Terminology

Weld Sequence
This is commonly done to reduce the amount of distortion caused by
welding. Three common techniques are defined:

1) Backstep sequence.

2) Block sequence.

3) Cascade sequence
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Weld Aplication Terminology

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Weld Application Terminology

Backstep Sequence
A longitudinal sequence in which weld passes are made in direction
opposite to the progress of welding.

Block Sequence
A combined longitudinal and cross-sectional sequence for a continuous
multiple pass weld in which separated increments are completely or
partially welded before intervening increments are welded.
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Weld Application Terminology

Cascade Sequence
A combined longitudinal and cross-sectional sequence in which weld
passes are made in overlapping layers.
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6. Weld Application Terminology

Chain intermittent fillet weld

An intermittent fillet weld in both sides of a
joint in which the weld increments on one side
are approximately opposite to those in the
other side.

Staggered intermittent fillet weld

An intermittent fillet weld in both sides of a
joint in which the weld increments on one side
are alternated to those in the other side.
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6. Weld Application Terminology

Boxing
Continuation of a fillet weld around a corner
of a member as an extension of the principal
weld.
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Resume

Parts of Completed Welds Groove Welds

Weld Face
Exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was done.

Weld Toe
The junction of the weld face and the base metal.

Weld Root
The points, shown in cross section, at which the root surface intersects
the base metal surfaces.
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Types of Welds

Parts of Completed Welds Groove Welds

Root Surface
Exposed surface of the weld opposite the side from which welding was
done.

Weld Reinforcement
Weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a joint.

Face Reinforcement
Weld reinforcement on the side of the joint from which welding was done.
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Types of Welds

Parts of Completed Welds Groove Welds

Root Reinforcement
Weld reinforcement opposite the side from which welding was done
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Types of Welds

Parts of Completed Welds Fillet Welds

Weld Face
Idem groove weld

Weld Toe
Idem groove weld.

Weld Root
The furthest penetration of the weld metal into the joint.
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Types of Welds

Parts of Completed Welds Fillet Welds

Weld Leg
Distance from the weld toe to the joint root.

Weld Throat
Shortest distance through the cross section of the weld.
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Fusion and Penetration Terminology

Fusion
Actual melting together of the filler metal and base metal.

Penetration
Distance that the weld metal has progressed into the joint.

Fusion Face
Groove face.

Weld Interface
Boundary between the weld metal and base metal.
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Welding Symbols

1. Introduction

A welding inspector should be able to communicate with others involved

with the fabrication of a weldment.

This does not imply that all communication must be oral, but can also be

written or graphic.

The AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive

Examination, describes construction and interpretation of all types of

welding and nondestructive examination symbols .

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Weld Symbol vs welding symbol

Terminology relating symbols

Difference between Weld symbol and welding symbol.

The weld symbol indicate the type of weld, is a part of the welding symbol

The welding symbol is defined as a gaphical representation of a weld

and consists of 8 elements.

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Welding Symbol Elements

1) Reference line (shown horizontally)

2) Arrow

3) Basic weld symbols

4) Dimension and other data

5) Suplementary symbols

6) Finish symbols

7) Tail

8) Specification, process, or other reference

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Welding Symbol Elements

Reference line (shown horizontally)

In the construction of the welding symbol is the element primary and

always is included. Provides the basis for all other parts of the

symbol

Arrow

The side to wich the arrow points is refered to as the arrow side,

while the opposite side is called the other side

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Weld symbol locations

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Weld symbol locations

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Combined Weld Symbol

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Multiple Reference Lines

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Supplementary Symbols

Finish Methods
Describes the desired shape of completed weld

Includes: Flush, convex and concave

Method of mechanical finishing

C = Chipping

G = Grinding

H = Hammering

M = Machining

R = Rolling
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Supplementary Symbols
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Supplementary Symbols
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Elements of the Welding Symbol

3) Basic weld symbols

Describes the weld configuration. Weld symbols that depict arrow side

welds will be positioned bellow the reference line and symbols referring

to other side welds will be positoned above the reference line.

Rules.

The pependicular side of the symbol will allways appear on the left

side (e.g., bevel, J and flare-bevel grooves, fillet and corner-flange

welds)

Break in arrow
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Weld Symbol Dimensioning
4) Dimensions and other data

Fillet weld detailing

Dimensions

The dimensions for intermittent fillet welds are shown as two

numbers separated by a hyphen. The first number is the length of
each individual weld segment and the second number refers to the
center to center spacing of these weld segments. Is refered to as
the pitch.

Aplications

Chain intermittent welding

Staggered intermittent welding

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4) Dimensions and other data

Plug or slot weld detailing

Join overlapping members by filling a hole in the top member.

Dimensions

The dimensions for plug welds include plug weld size, depth of

filling, pitch distances between adjacent plugs, and groove angle

for tappered plug holes.

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4) Dimensions and other data

Plug or slot weld detailing

No. Left WS: Diameter Plug, and Width Slot

No. Winthin WS: Partially filled

No. Right WS : Pitch distance Plug, Length Slot

No. Right WS (farther No. before) : Pitch distance Slot

No. Above or below WS: dimension angular Plug, countersink Slot

No. Above or below WS (parenthesis): number of Slot welds

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4) Dimensions and other data

Spot and Seam Weld Detailing

Dimensions

The size dimension that refers to the diameter of the spot or width

of the seam is show to the left of the WS.

Spot: No. of Spot = Dimension in parenthesis just above or below of

the WS

Seam : Length = 1st. No. right WS and Pitch = 2nd. No.

Aplications

Lap Joints.
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4) Dimensions and other data

Stud Weld Detailing

The stud weld symbol appears as a circle with an enclosed X and is

only shown as an arrow side weld.

Requeriments:

Size SW : Dimension Left to the WS

No. SW : Dimension in parentheses below WS

Spacing between SW : Dimension Right WS

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4) Dimensions and other data

Back and Backing Weld Detailing

There are two ways to describe the sequencing of these weldings.

Can be diferenciated by using a symbol with a note in the tail or by

using a symbol with a note in the tail or by using multiple reference

lines to shown a sequence of operations.

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4) Dimensions and other data

Surface Weld Detailing

The detailing of surface welds is quite simple the primary

information requerid is the thickness of the surfacing and the weld

filler metal.
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Weld Symbol Dimensioning

4) Dimensions and other data

Groove weld detailing

Dimensions

Joint configuration

Weld size

Extent of welding
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1. Elements of the Welding Symbol

4) Dimensions and other data

Groove weld detailing

A dimension within WS Root opening

A dimension outside WS (above or below) Groove angle

A dimension left WS Depth of penetration

A dimension left WS (in parentheses) Weld size (Joint

penetration)

A dimension right WS Weld length

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R 1/4X1
A572
1 (1) GR50
1/4
30

SYMBOL

30

1/4
REMOVED AFTER
1/4
WELDING
1

WELD CROSS SECTION