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BAHANKAJIAN
KAJIAN
MK.
MK. DIT
DIT dan
danMAES
MAES
KEMASAMAN
KEMASAMAN TANAH
TANAH
DAN
DAN
PENGAPURAN
PENGAPURAN
Soemarno
SoemarnoMaret
Maret2012
2012
EMPAT Padatan An-organik:
KOMPONEN Mineral & Bukan
TANAH mineral
Padatan Organik :
Bahan Organik Tanah
(Senyawa organik mati)
Organisme hidup
Misel -H [H+]
Biasanya:
Tanah masam : di daerah
iklim basah
Tanah alkalis: di daerah
kering
SUMBER
KEMASAM Hdd H+
AN TANAH
Kation aluminium:
MISEL Al Al 3+
Al 3+ + H2O Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al 3+ + OH- Al(OH)2+
N, K dan S:
Ketersediaan maksimum: pH > 6
Ketersediaan minim pada tanah dg : pH
< 4.0
Fosfat :
Ketersediaan maksimum: pH = 6 - 7.5
Ketersediaan minim pada tanah dg : pH <
4.0
Pengapuran
Aldd dan % KEJENUHAN Al
pH tanah
5.4
4.8
4.5
4.2
3.9
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% kejenuhan Al
HUBUNGAN KEJENUHAN Al dan
HASIL BEANS
% hasil maks.
100
Sumber: Abruna et
al. 1975
80 Ultisols & Oxisols
60
r =
0.93**
40
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% kejenuhan Al
1. Konsentrasi Al dlm larutan tanah > 1
ppm menyebabkan penurunan hasil
tanaman
2. Tembakau dan kentang sangat peka thd
Al+++ dlm tanah, terutama akarnya.
Gejalanya akar menjadi tebal, kaku dan
becak-becak jaringan mati
3. Pertumbuhan akar jagung mulai
terganggu pada kondisi 60% kejenuhan
Al.
4. Al cenderung terakumulasi dalam akar
dan menghambat penyerapan dan
translokasi Ca dan fosfat menuju tajuk,
sehingga mendorong defisiensi Ca dan P.
1. Gangguan pertumbuhan tanaman pd
tanah masam dapat juga disebabkan oleh
defisiensi Ca dan/atau Mg
2. Gangguan akar tembakau pd Ultisol yg
tidak dikapur disebabkan oleh keracunan
Al dan defisiensi Ca.
3. Kalau Al diendapkan (dg menggunakan
MgCO3) dan tidak ditambahkan Ca,
pertumbuhan akar tembakau akan
berhenti dalam waktu 60 jam.
4. Tanah masam di daerah tropis defisien Ca
tanpa menunjukkan masalah toksisitas Al.
5. Misalnya Tanah masam di Hawaii, pH <
5.0, namun Aldd nya sedikit; pengapuran
berfungsi seperti pemupukan Ca
6. Tanah masam di Brazil sangat miskin Mg
dan respon positif thd pupuk Mg.
TOKSISITAS Al & DEFISIENSI Ca thd
AKAR TEMBAKAU
% maks.
pemanjangan akar
80 Dikapur MgCO3,
pH 5.6, 0.4 meq
Ca++
60
40
Tdk Dikapur,
pH 4.2,
0.4 meq Ca++
20
1 2 3
waktu (hari)
Sumber: Abruna et al. 1975
Ultisols & Oxisols
EFEK Al thd PERTUMBUHAN
AKAR
Catatan :
Dolomit juga harus secara rutin digunakan pada tanah pH
normal, karena unsur Ca dan Mg pada dolomit sangat
dibutuhkan tanaman.
PENGELOLAAN KEMASAMAN (pH)
tanah
Kapurpertanianmerupakanmineralyang
berasaldarialamyangmerupakansumber
harakalsium.Kaptanyangmempunyai
reaksibasadapatmenaikkanpHtanah.
Kaptanyangbanyakdigunakandalam
pertanianadalahkalsit(CaCO3)
Manfaat:UntukmenetralkanpHtanahpada
tanamansayuranhortikulturadll.Untuk
menanggulangibeberapajenisjamurbakteri
padatanah.Untukmenetralkantanah
gambutsehinggamenambahtingkat
kesuburantanahdll
Spesifikasi:
KadarCaCO3+MgCO393.3%,KadarCaO
+MgO58.8%,KadarAirSaatdikemas1.00
%,Mesh40100,Beratbersihkemasan50
kg
KAPTAN
Kapur Pertanian (Kaptan) memiliki kandungan kalsium
dan magnesium yang tinggi, ukiran butiran (mesh) yang
halus dan sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan
oleh SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia)
Spesifikasi Kaptan
Kadar CaCO3 + MgCO3 : 91.53%
Kadar CaO + MgO : 50.23%
Kadar air saat dikemas : 1.00%
Mesh 40 100 : 82.01%
Berat bersih perkemasan 50 Kg
Dosis Kaptan
1. Sebelum melakukan pengapuran, sebaiknya terlebih
dahulu dilakukan pemeriksaan PH tanah dengan
menggunakan kertas lakumus atau PH soil tester, dapat
meminta bantuan penyuluh terdekat dari dinas pertanian/
perkebunan/ perikanan
2. Pengapuran dengan dosis tersebut untuk jangka
panjang atau 3 tahunan keatas, baru dilakukan
pengapuran ulang. Ada anjuran para ahli sebaiknya
dilakukan penambahan KAPTAN sebanyak 10% 20% dari
dosis diatas pada setiap 6 bulan sekali atau bersamaan
dengan waktu pemupukan dilakukan
3. Untuk tanah marginal, umumnya berwarna terang atau
pada tanah podsolik merah dan kuning atau pada tanah
yang miskin kandungan bahan organik, dianjurkan
pemberian kompos, bokasi atau pupuk organik
4. Mutu KAPTAN yang tepat selain kandungan kalsium
(CaCO) yag tinggi kisaran 42% sampai 51%, tingkat
kehalusan dan kelembutan (mesh) yang terbaik adalah 60
sampai 100 mesh
5. KAPTAN berkualitas tinggi bereaksi lebih cepat dan
sempurna, sedangkan KAPTAN berkualitas renddah
memerlukan waktu sangat lama untuk dapat merubah PH
tanah, bahkan bisa sampai tahunan. Adapun KAPTAN
yang memenuhi standar, dapat langsung bermanfaat
dengan cara pemberian yang tepat
KALSIUM KARBONAT
Kemurniannya: 85 - 95%
Pembuatannya:
Kemurniannya : 75 - 99%
Pembuatannya:
Batuan CaCO3 digiling Kapur giling
Pengaruh Biologik:
1.Merangsang kegiatan jasad tanah, termasuk mikroba
tanah
2.Membantu pembentukan humus
3.Aminisasi, amonifikasi, oksidasi belerang dipercepat
4.Fiksasi nitrogen dari udara secara biologis dirangsang
5.Nitrifikasi dipercepat
JENIS TANAMAN yg SESUAI TANAH
MASAM dg KEBUTUHAN KAPUR
MINIMUM
Kebutuhan Kejenuhan pH
Varietas tnm yg toleran
kapur Al
(t/ha) (%)
1. Morfologi akar.
Varietas yg toleran Al mampu
menumbuhkan dan tidak mengalami
kerusakan ujung-ujung akar pd kondisi
tanah masam kaya Al
2. Perubahan pH rhizosfer.
Varietas yg toleran Al mampu menaikkan
pH zone rhizosfernya, sdg varietas yg peka
menurunkan pH tsb. Perubahan pH ini
diduga akibat dari penyerapan anion
diferensial-selektif, sekresi asam organik,
CO2 dan HCO3-.
3. Lambatnya translokasi Al ke tajuk.
Varietas yg toleran Al mengakumulasikan
Al dlm akar, dan mentranslokasikan ke
tajuk secara lebih lambat dp jenis yg peka.
MEKANISME TOLERANSI /
KEPEKAAN TANAMAN thd Al dlm
TANAH
% Hasil maks.
100
Rumput
gajah
80
60
40 Jagung
Sorghum
20
00
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% kejenuhan Al
Sumber: Abruna et al. 1975
Oxisols & Ultisols
1. Kapur biasanya dibenamkan sedalam 15 cm
beberapa hari sebelum tanam.
2. Tanah Oksisol sangat masam yg topsoilnya telah
dikapur hingga pH 5.5 , sebagian besar akar
jagung tumbuh dalam topsoil. Tingginya
kandungan Aldd dalam subsoil mencegah
pertumbuhan akar lebih dalam.
3. Penempatan kapur pada lapisan tanah yg lebih
dalam mengakibatkan perakaran tanaman
tumbuh lebih dalam dan hasil tanaman lebih baik
4. Deep placement kapur dimungkinkan pada tanah-
tanah berpasir yang strukturnya baik.
5.
PENGAPURAN & HASIL JAGUNG
6 Zone pengapuran 0-
30 cm
1 Zone
pengapuran 0-
15 cm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Dosis kapur ( ton/ha)
Sumber: Gonzales,
1973
Tanah Oxisols
1. Efek residu pengapuran tergantung pada
seberapa cepat Ca dan Mg digantukan
oleh residu kemasaman dari pupuk
nitrogen.
2. Pada tanah Hydrandept
Selama lima tahun sejak aplikasi 2 ton
kapur/ha ternyata nilai Aldd dalam tanah
dipertahankan sekitar 1 meq, semula
sebesar 3 m.eq, meskipun sebagian besar
Ca++ telah tercuci. Setelah lima tahun
efek residu pengapuran lenyap.
3. Pada Oxisol berpasir.
Jagung dan kedelai respon positif
terhadap kapur enam tahun setelah
aplikasi, respon hasil meningkat dg
waktu, diduga karena pelarutan partikel
kasar kapur.
KELEBIHA Kelebihan: penambahan kapur yg
N mengakibatkan meningkatan pH
tanah melebihi yang diperlukan
Pemberian untuk pertumbuhan optimum
KAPUR tanaman.
Tanaman akan menderita, terutama
pada tahun pertama aplikasi kapur
Biasanya terjadi pada tanah berpasir /
berdebu yg miskin bahan organik
Kecepatan Reaksi:
1. Kapur kaustik (kapur tohor dan tembok)
lebih cepat bereaksi dg tanah dp kapur giling
2. Kapur dolomitik bereaksi lebih lambat dp
kapur kalsitik
3. Bentuk tepung halus lebih cepat bereaksi dg
tanah
4. . Dll.
Pertimbangan biaya:
1. Harga bahan kapur
2. Biaya angkut ke lahan usaha
3. Biaya aplikasi bahan kapur ke lahan
usaha
4. .. dll
Enam faktor penting unt menentukan
Jumlah jumlah kapur :
KAPUR yg 1. Karakteristik tanah:
diaplikasikan Lapisan atas: pH, Aldd, Tekstur &
Struktur, BOT
Lapisan bawah: pH, Aldd, Tekstur &
Struktur
2. Tanaman yg akan ditanam
3. Lamanya pergiliran tanaman
4. Macam bahan kapur dan komposisi
kimianya
5. Kehalusan bahan kapur
6. Pengalaman praktis
Karakteristik Tanah :
1. Tekstur dan BOT menentukan besarnya
kapasitas jerapan
2. Semakin tinggi Kapasitas jerapan dan Aldd,
semakin banyak kapur diperlukan
3. Kemasaman dan Aldd tanah lapisan bawah
ikut menentukan jumlah kapur
Waktu Aplikasi :
1. Biasanya sebelum tanam
2. Kapur diberikan bila diperkirakan tidak
turun hujan pd saat aplikasi
3.
1. Pertanaman tunggal
2. Pertanaman majemuk: Pola pergiliran tanaman
Kapur diberikan pd tanaman yg paling
memerlukan pengapuran
TEKNOLOGI PENGAPURAN TERPADU
1.in a rotation, apply before the crop with the greatest acid
sensitivity
2.if you plan on reducing tillage, apply one year before the
most acid sensitive crop, and in a greater quantity
3.make sure that the root disease Take-All has been
controlled before applying lime fertiliser ahead of a wheat or
critical crop
4.lime fertiliser application is generally not recommended
for permanent pastures, due to issues of incorporation
*bacterial diseases in
*poor bacterial growth
potatoes
*reduced nitrogen
transformations
Parent material.
Soils of the Piedmont and Sandstone Plateau regions of Alabama are very acid
because of the acid nature of the rocks (granites and sandstones, respectively)
which formed these soils. Limestone valley soils were formed from basic rocks
(limestones) but may be acid on the surface because of time and weathering.
Some Black Belt Prairie soils may be alkaline because the Selma chalk (soft
limestone) which formed the soils is alkaline.
Rainfall/leaching.
Rainfall also affects soil pH. Water passing through the soil leaches basic cations
such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and potassium (K+) into drainage
water. These basic cations are replaced by acidic cations such as aluminum (Al 3+)
and hydrogen (H+). For this reason, soils formed under high rainfall conditions
are more acid than those formed under arid conditions.
Fertilizers.
Both chemical and organic fertilizers may eventually make the soil more acid.
Hydrogen is added in the form of ammonia-based fertilizers (NH4+) , urea-based
fertilizers [CO(NH2)2], and as proteins (amino acids) in organic fertilizers.
Transformations of these sources of N into nitrate (NO3-) releases H+ to create soil
acidity. Therefore, fertilization with fertilizers containing ammonium or even
adding large quantities of organic matter to a soil will ultimately increase the soil
acidity and lower the pH.
Plant uptake.
Plants take up basic cations such as K+, Ca++, and Mg++. When these are removed
from the soil, they are replaced with H+ in order to maintain electrical neutrality.
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BENTUK-BENTUK KEMASAMAN TANAH
It is extracted with a neutral unbuffered salt solution, such as KCl, CaCl2 or NaCl
This is comprised of weak acids not replaced by neutral unbuffered salt solution
and H+ which bonds with OH-. This is the type of acidity caused by organic matter
and bound Al. Bound Al occurs in soils primarily as Al polymers (long chain
compounds) and is denoted as Al (OH)xx+
meq/100g
4.5 0.91 0.20 1.11
5.4 0.34 0.91 1.25
5.9 0.10 1.60 1.70
The concentration of Al in the soil solution is related to pH of the soil, the Al saturation of
effective cation exchange capacity, and the salt concentration of the system. At a pH of 5.5
the concentration of Al in the soil solution is quite low. However, as the pH drops from 5.0
to 4.5, the Al concentration increases markedly.
The Al concentration of the soil solution is related to the Al saturation of the effective CEC
of the soil. The concentration of Al in the soil solution is low until the exchangeable Al
saturation exceeds 60% and then increases rapidly. When the Al saturation is greater than
60%, the soil solution concentration of Al is greater than 1 ppm and may be as high as 5 or 6
ppm.
Manganese
Water-soluble Mn content of acid soils is closely related to the soil pH, being
high below pH 5.0 but decreasing rapidly as the pH value increases to 6.0.
Calcium
The predominant cation in the soil solution of most acid soils is Ca.
Concentrations of soil solution Ca are increased considerably when acid soils
are limed.
Clays with hydrogen ion on the exchange complex are not stable.
The aluminosilicate structure decomposes to form Al saturated
clays. Aluminum and basic cation content of different soils.
Notice the difference in aluminum saturation even though the pH
values are approximately the same.
Ca + Mg
Al
+K
%Alsatura
Soi1 pH
------------ meq/100g tion
------------
SERAPAN TANAMAN
Penambahan Hidrogen
i.) From the decomposition of organic matter
ii.) Roots take up basic cations and exchange them with H
iii.) Acid forming fertilizers
The molecular weight of CaCO3 is 100 (Ca = 40, C =12, and O =16 x 3).
The CCE of CaCO3 has been theoretically established at 100. When using
other materials other than CaCO3, the molecular weight of CaCO3 is
divided by the other materials molecular weight.
For example, the calculation for the use of wood ash as a liming material is
as follows:
The Ca2+ replaces 2H+ from the soil, increasing the soil base
saturation
The hydroxide anion (OH-) reacts with the soil acid cation (H+),
forming water:
OH- + H+ H2O
Aglime
100 100 100 100 100 0 2000
superfine
Dolomitic
hydrated 140 100 99 76 90 0 2520
aglime
Calcitic
99 99 60 37 59 0 1168
aglime
Dolomitic
105 97 95 90 93 0 1953
aglime
Waste water
102 100 100 100 100 74 530
lime
Pelletized
93 100 100 100 100 0 1860
lime
These are liming materials available in the state of Ohio. Depending upon source, lime characteristics
will vary.
Tons of liming material (ENP of 2000 lbs/ton) needed to raise the soil pH to the desired
pH level based on the SMP (Shoemaker-McLean-Pratt) buffer and an incorporation
depth of 8 inches (adapted from Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendations, 1996)
Desired pH levels
Mineral soils Organic soils
6.82 6.53 6.04 Soil pH 5.3
Buffer pH1
Base saturation is the amount of basic cations divided by the total cation
exchange capacity (total number of cation exchange sites). So, if the base
saturation is 0.75, 75% of the cation exchange capacity is occupied by
Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and/or Na+ while 25% is exchangeable acidity. For soils
with a pH of 6.0 or lower, the lime recommendation is determined by the
exchangeable acidity, base saturation at the original pH and at the desired
pH, and the tillage depth (TD, inches):
(BSdesired-BSoriginal)
Lime Req. = EA*0.5*---------------------------------------- * (TD/6)
(1-BSorginal)
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Examples of approximate lime required to raise the pH
of soils of different textural classes. (Source: Nutrient
Management for Agronomic Crops in Nebraska, EC155,
UNL Extension.)
CEC
Soil Soil Buffer Lime rate
(meq/100
texture pH pH (tons/acre)
g)
Loamy
sand 6 5.6 6.8 1
Silt loam 14 5.5 6.6 2
Silty clay 24 5.6 6.2 4
loam
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KUALITAS BAHAN KAPUR
Two factors determine the effectiveness (ECCE) of liming materials:
1.neutralizing value or purity, also referred to as calcium carbonate
equivalent (CCE)
2.particle size or fineness of the liming material.
The neutralizing value, or CCE, is the amount of acid on a weight basis that
a given quantity of lime will neutralize when dissolved. It is expressed as a
percentage of the neutralizing value of pure calcium carbonate or calcite
(100 percent CCE). A lime that neutralizes 80 percent as much acid as pure
calcium carbonate is said to have a CCE of 80. Table III shows the CCE of
different liming materials.
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BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FROM LIMING
Soil acidity has a direct effect upon availability of most essential
plant nutrients.
The general effect of pH on plant nutrient availability. The best pH
range for most nutrients is between 6.0 and 7.0. Deficiencies can be
observed at both low and high pH's. Manganese and iron exhibit
toxicity at low pH's and deficiency at high pH levels. Although
aluminum is not an essential nutrient, it is important because it
rapidly increases in solubility as the soil pH drops below 5.0. Too
much aluminum in solution will restrict root and plant
development.
Yield
% Al Corn Soybeans
pH
Saturation
bu/a
5.0 77 127 18
5.5 25 143 40
6.0 15 143 40
The desired soil pH is expressed in terms of acid saturation of the soil (H-sat 2)
according to the following equation:
Desired soil pH = 7.79 5.55 (H-sat2) + 2.27 (H-sat1)2
Soil pH
7.9 7.80 7.70 7.60 7.50 7.40 7.30
in water
*Note: The depths of soil it takes to weigh 2,000,000 pounds will vary with the bulk
density of the soil. For example, a sandy loam soil with a bulk density of 1.472 would
weigh 2,001,232 pounds per 6 inch-depth, whereas, a loam soil with a bulk density of
1.299 would weigh 2,001,504 pounds per 6.8 inch-depth.
Extractable
Soil Treatment Soil pH Aluminum
(mg/kg)
Control 4.1 328
pH-dependent charge
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pH dependent charge on clay minerals
The permanent negative charge on a clay mineral as a result of
isomorphous substitution does not change with pH. Why? Because the
charge was created when the mineral was formed sand is locked inside
the crystal structure. Increased negative charge, or pH dependent charge,
is caused by ionization of H+ ions (deprotonation) attached to -OH ions
on the surface and edges of the crystal lattice.
Therefore at higher soil pH's the clay minerals have increased capacity
to hold basic cations.
Electric Double Layer is the layer surrounding a particle of the dispersed phase and
including the ions adsorbed on the particle surface and a film of the countercharged
dispersion medium.
The Electric Double Layer is electrically neutral.
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REAKSI PERTUKARAN KATION
At any one time the quantity of ions on the exchange compared to what is in
the soil solution is determined by the kind of ions present and the quantity
of ions present in the soil.
1.the number of cation adsorption sites per unit weight of soil or,
2.the sum total of exchangeable cations that a soil can adsorb.