Immune

System 43.3-
43.4
By Bilkiss Mdodo, Sabrina
Doan, and Tessa Lewis
43.3
1.Helper T Cells
43.3
 Helper T Cells

Aka CD4+ cells

Released as a reaction to nearly all antigens

Once bonded to an antigen, releases cytokines

These stimulate the activation of nearby
cytotoxic T cells & B cells
 Helper T Cells cont.

T cells bind to antigens by:

T cell receptor (TCR)
interacts with a class
II MHC molecule on the
antigen presenting cell
Proteins called CD4
assist in keeping them
bound
2. Cytotoxic T Cells
43.3
 Cytotoxic T Cells

Aka CD8+ cells, aka TC cells

Alerted of an antigen-presenting cell by cytokines

Attacks target cells by secreting a protein (once bound)

causing the antigen-presenting cell to rupture and die

2 conditions for a cytotoxic T cell to attack target

cells
Alerted by cytokines/helper T cell
Interact with antigen-presenting cell
 Cytotoxic T Cells cont.

T cells bind to antigens by:

T cell receptor (TCR)
interacts with a class I
MHC molecule on the
antigen presenting cell
Proteins called CD8
assist in keeping them
bound
Helper T Cells v. Cytotoxic T Cells
3. B Cells
43.3
 B Cells

Alerted of an antigen-presenting cell by cytokines

Acts by secreting antibodies that attach to pathogens

that havent yet affected body cells
Phagocytosis
Complement Mediated Lysis

2 conditions for a B cell to act

Alerted by cytokines/helper T cell
Interact with antigen-presenting cell
Phagocytosis & Complement Mediated
Lysis
 B Cells cont.

Once enacted by cytokines, B cells multiply and split

into 2 types of cells
Memory B cells
Plasma Cells

Plasma cells are the ones that secrete antibodies & can
destroy pathogens by phagocytosis or complement mediated
lysis

Memory B cells are specific to a pathogen

Regular B cells can also be called Naive B cells
B Cells cont.
B Cells cont.
4. Active/Passive Immunity
43.3
 Active/Passive Immunity

Active Passive
Antibodies are produced in Antibodies from another
the individuals body organism enter the individuals
Natural body
Having an infection, Natural
catching a cold, IgG to fetus through
etc. placenta,
Artificial IgA to baby through
Vaccination (flu breast milk
shot) Artificial
Injecting antibodies
into a nonimmune person
5. Immune Rejection
43.3
 Immune Rejection

Recall:
Blood type determined by antigens on red blood cells
(A, B, AB, O)
Antibodies protect the body from nonself blood
types
Transfusion of nonself blood type results in
destruction of transfused blood

MHC stimulates rejection of foreign particles, including

transfused blood and transplanted tissue
Matching MHC tissue types increase the chances of
successful transplantation
43.4
1.Immune Responses
43.4
 Immune Responses:
1.Exaggerated

Aka Hypersensitive

Allergies
Antigens called allergens

Most commonly involve IgE to be secreted by plasma

cells which induces mast cells to release histamine

Histamine expands the blood vessels so that the

mucous membrane will swell, which causes some of
the symptoms of allergies
 Immune Responses:
2. Self-Directed

Autoimmune Diseases
Response in which the immune system turns against
particular cells of the body

Ex: Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes,

Multiple Sclerosis
 Immune Responses:
3. Diminished

Immunodeficiency
When the immune system is compromised and can't
protect against pathogens effectively

Can be temporary or permanent

2 types
Inborn
Acquired
2. Acquired Immune System
Evasion
43.4
 Acquired Immune System Evasion:
1.Antigenic Variations

Alters the appearance of the pathogen to the immune

system

Pathogen stop expressing epitopes

Accessible part of the antigen

Ex: Flu, which varies by mutation

 Acquired Immune System Evasion:
2. Latency

A pathogen waits until conditions are favorable to

trigger synthesis

Pathogenic genome usually resides in the nucleus as a

separate DNA molecule

Ex: Herpes simplex 1 & 2

 Acquired Immune System Evasion:
3. Direct Attack

A pathogen attacks the immune system

Ex: HIV
Attacks by infecting helper T cells by binding to
the CD4 on the T cells
HIV RNA is reverse transcribed & incorporated into
the host cells genome
The virus is replicated inside the cell, which then
lyses and releases more viruses to do the same thing
Weakens the immune system as a whole
Kahoot!
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