CHAPTER (III)

KINEMATICS OF FLUID
FLOW
3.1: Types of Fluid Flow.
3.1.1: Real - or - Ideal fluid.
3.1.2: Laminar - or - Turbulent Flows.
3.1.3: Steady - or - Unsteady flows.
3.1.4: Uniform - or - Non-uniform Flows.
3.1.5: One, Two - or - Three Dimensional Flows.
3.1.6: Rational - or - Irrational Flows.
3.2: Circulation - or - Vorticity.
3.3: Stream Lines, Flow Field and Stream Tube.
3.4: Velocity and Acceleration in Flow Field.
3.5: Continuity Equation for One Dimensional Steady
Flow.
1
Fluid Flow Kinematics
 Fluid Kinematics deals with the motion of
fluids without considering the forces and
moments which create the motion.
We define field variables which are functions of space and time
Pressure field,
Velocity field P P ( x, y , z , t )
r r
V V x, y , z , t
r r r r
V u x, y , z , t i v x, y , z , t j w x , y , z , t k
r r
Acceleration field, a a x, y , z , t
r r r r
a a x x, y , z , t i a y x, y , z , t j a z x , y , z , t k
Types of fluid Flow
1. Real and Ideal Flow:

.If the fluid is considered frictionless with zero viscosity it is called ideal
In real fluids the viscosity is considered and shear stresses occur causing
conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy

Ideal
Real
Friction = 0 Friction = o
Ideal Flow ( =0) Real Flow ( 0)
Energy loss =0 Energy loss = 0
Steady and Unsteady Flow. 2
Steady flow occurs when conditions of a point in a flow field dont change
with respect to time ( v, p, H..changes w.r.t. time

0 steady
t

0 unsteady
t

H=constant
H constant

V=constant
V constant

Steady Flow with respect to time

Velocity is constant at certain Unsteady Flow with respect to time
Velocity changes at certain position
position w.r.t. time
w.r.t. time
 Uniform and Non uniform Flow. 3

Y Y

x x

Uniform Flow means that the Non- uniform Flow means velocity
velocity is constant at certain time in changes at certain time in different
different positions (doesnt depend positions ( depends on dimension
on any dimension x or y or z( x or y or z(

uniform
0
x

0 Non-uniform
x
 4. One , Two and three Dimensional Flow : y

One dimensional flow means that Two dimensional flow means that
the flow velocity is function of one the flow velocity is function
coordinate of two coordinates
V = f( X or Y or Z ) V = f( X,Y or X,Z or Y,Z )

Three dimensional flow means that

the flow velocity is function
of there coordinates
V = f( X,Y,Z)
4. One , Two and three Dimensional Flow (cont.)
A flow field is best characterized by its velocity
.distribution
A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in one, two,
. or three dimensions, respectively
However, the variation of velocity in certain
directions can be small relative to the variation in
.other directions and can be ignored

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in
.the flow direction, V = V(r)
8
5. Laminar and Turbulent Flow:

:In Laminar Flow :In Turbulent Flow

Fluid flows in separate layers
No mass mixing between fluid layers
Friction mainly between fluid layers
Reynolds Number (RN ) < 2000
Vmax.= 2Vmean
No separate layers
Continuous mass mixing
Friction mainly between fluid and pipe
walls
Reynolds Number (RN ) > 4000
Vmax.= 1.2 Vmean

Vmean Vmean
Vmax Vmax
5. Laminar and Turbulent Flow (cont.):
:Rotational and irrotational flows
r rotation of two
. The rotation is the average valueof lines in the flow
If this average = 0 then there is no rotation and the flow is called irrotational flow ) i(
6. Streamline:

A Streamline is a curve that is everywhere tangent to it at any instant

.represents the instantaneous local velocity vector

dy v
tan
dx u
u v

dx dy

in general for 3 D

u v w Stream line equation

dx dy dz
:Where
u velocity component in -X- direction
z v velocity component in-Y- direction
w w velocity component in -Z- direction
V
x
v u

y
V u 2 v2 w2
:velocity vector can written as

r r r r
V ui vj wk
:Where
i, j, k are the unit vectors in +ve x, y, z directions

Acceleration Field
From Newton's second law,
r r
Fparticle m particle a particle
The acceleration of the particle is the time derivative of the particle's velocity.

However, particle velocity at a point is the same as the fluid velocity,

r
r dV particle
a particle
dt
V f n.
( x, y , z , t )

Mathematically the total derivative equals the sum of the partial derivatives

u u u u
du dx dy dz dt
x y z t
du u dx u dy u dz u
ax
dt x dt y dt z dt t
u u u u
ax u v w
x y z t
u u u u
ax u v w
x y z t

Convective component

Local component
:Similarly

v v v v
ay u v w
x y z t

w w w w
az u v w
x y z t

a a2x a2 y a2z
NASCAR surface pressure contours Airplane surface pressure contours,
and streamlines volume streamlines, and surface
streamlines
7. Streamtube:

Is a bundle of streamlines
fluid within a streamtube remain constant
and cannot cross the boundary of the streamtube.

(mass in = mass out)

Types of motion or deformation
of fluid element
Linear translation

Rotational translation

Linear deformation

angular deformation
:Rotational Flow & Irrotational Flow- 8
( The rate of rotation can be expressed or equal to the angular velocity vector
):

1 w v 1 u w 1 v u
i j k
2 y z 2 z x 2 x y

:Note
1 w v
x
2 y z

1 u w
y
2 z x

1 v u
z
2 x y
:The flow is side to be rotational if

x or y or z 0

The fluid elements are rotating in space (see Fig. 4-44 )

:The flow is side to be irrotational if

x y z 0

The fluid elements dont rotating in space (see Fig. 4-44 )

 rotational flow

Irrotational flow
:Vorticity ( )- 9

Vorticity is a measure of rotation of a fluid particale

Vorticity is twice the angular velocity of a fluid particle

w v
x
y z

u w
y
z x

v u
z
x y
:Circulation ( )- 10

The circulation ( ) is a measure of rotaion and is defined as the line integral

of the tangential component of the velocity taken around a closed curve in
.the flow field

cos .

:NOTE
The flow is irrotational if =0, =0, =0
 For 2-D Cartesian Coordinates Y
u
u dy
y

v
v dy + v dx
x
dx
x
u

v u
d udx (v
x
dx ) dy (u
y
dy ) dx vdy

v u
( ) dxdy
x y
z . area
= . area
 Conservation of Mass ( Continuity
)Mass can neither be created norEquation
destroyed( )
The general equation of continuity for three dimensional steady flow

w v.dx.dz
( w dz ).dxdy
z
z

u
( u dx).dy.dz
dz x
u.dy.dz
dx
x
dy

v w.dxdy
( v dy ).dx.dz
y
 u u
= - u.dy.dz
= Net ( u
mass dx).dy.dz
in x-direction dx.dy.dz
x x

v v
= - v.dx.dz
= Net ( v
mass in dy ).dx.dz
y-direction dx.dy.dz
y y

w w
= - ( w
w.dx.dy = Net in dz
mass ).dx.dy
z-direction dx.dy.dz
z z

net mass = mass storage rate

u v w
dx.dy.dz dx.dy.dz dx.dy.dz = ( dx.dy.dz )
x y z t

u v w
=
x y z t

u v w
= 0
t x y z
 u v w
0
t x y z

General equation fof 3-D , unsteady and compressible fluid

:Special cases
For steady compressible fluid- 1
For incompressible fluid ( = constant)- 2
0
t

u v w
0
t x y z

u v w
0
x y z

Note : The above eqn. can be used for steady & unsteady for
incompressible fluid
:For 2-D- 3 u v
0
x y

u w
0
x z
v w
0
y z