SE Prod FM CH 2 Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics
FLUID
MECHANICS
ME 0221 SEM-III Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Circuits S. Y. B. Tech. Prod. Engg.
Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Circuits
S.Y. B. Tech.
ME 0221 SEM - III
Production Engineering
Fluid Dynamics
Outline
Various types of Flow (general description only),
Continuity Equation,
Energy Equation,
Momentum Equation.
Application of Energy and Continuity Equations for Fluid

Flow Measurement in Closed Conduit (No derivations, only
applications are to be imparted).
Fluid Dynamics
Flow Characteristics
Fluid:
Turbulent Flow particles move in Highly Irregular Paths, causing an
Exchange of Momentum from one portion of the fluid to
another, in a manner somewhat similar to the Molecular
Momentum Transfer, but on much larger scale.
Most prevalent situation in engineering practices.
Shear Stresses Irreversibilities & Losses
Losses vary @ as the 1.7 to 2 power of velo.
Fluid Dynamics
Laminar FlowFluid
: particles move along Smooth Paths in Laminas, or layers,
with one layer gliding smoothly over the adjacent layer.
Governed by Newtons Law of Viscosity.
Shear Stress Angular Deformation.
Losses vary @ as the First power of velo.
Fluid Dynamics
Ideal FluidFrictionless
: & Incompressible.
Non Viscous & having Reversible Flow Processes.
Layer
Boundary Layer : of fluid in the immediate neighbourhood of an actual flow
boundary, that has had its velocity relative to the boundary,
affected by viscous shear.
Flow
Adiabatic Flow : of a fluid in which NO Heat is transferred to or from the
fluid.
Reversible
Isentropic Flow : Adiabatic (Frictionless) Flow!!
Fluid Dynamics
Conditions
Steady Flow : @ any point in the fluid DO NOT change with time.
P v T
0, 0, 0, 0.
t t t t
e.g. Water being pumped through a fixed system at a constant rate.
Conditions
Unsteady Flow : @ any point in the fluid change with time.
P v T
0, 0, 0, 0.
t t t t
e.g. Water being pumped through a fixed system at a Increasing rate.
Fluid Dynamics
Velo.:Vector @ every point is identically the same (magnitude &

Uniform Flow
direction) for any given instant.
v
e.g. 0 . where, s is displ. in any direction.
s
No change in velo. vector in any direction
throughout the fluid @ any one instant.
DOES NOT say anything @ change in velocity at a point with

time.
e.g. Liq. being pumped through a long straight pipe.
Fluid Dynamics
Velo. Vector
Non-uniform Flow : varies from place to place.
v
e.g. 0
s
e.g. Liq. Flowing through a reducing section or a curved pipe.
Liq. flow through a long pipe @ a const. rate : Steady, Uniform flow.
Liq. flow through a long pipe @ a rate : Unsteady, Uniform flow.
Liq. flow through an expanding tube @ a const. rate : Steady, Non-uniform flow.
Liq. flow through an expanding tube @ a rate : Unsteady, Non-uniform flow.
Fluid Dynamics
Rotation of a fluid particle about a given axis :
Average angular velo. of two infinitesimal line elements in the particle, that are
@ rt. angles to each other, and to the given axis.
Rotational Flow OR Vortex Flow :

Fluid particles within a region have rotation @ any axis.
Irrotational Flow :
Fluid particles within a region have NO rotation @ any axis.
Static + Frictionless Fluid : IRROTATIONAL!!
Fluid Dynamics
One Dimensional NO Variation

Flow : in properties transverse to main flow
direction.
Particles :are
Two Dimensional Flow assumed to flow in parallel planes,
along the identical paths in each of these planes.
NO changes in flow normal to the planes!!
Three DimensionalVelo.
Flow Components
: u, v, w in mutually perpendicular
directions are functions of Space Coordinates and
time; i.e. x, y, z & t.
Fluid Dynamics
Continuous
Streamline : line drawn through the fluid, so that it has the direction of
the Velo. Vector @ every point.
Particle moved in the direction of the streamline @ any instant.
Its displ., s, having components x, y, and z has the direction of the

Velo. Vector q with components u, v, and w in the x, y, and z directions.
x y z
.Differential Equation of Streamline!!
u v w
Corres. Components are proportional.
s and q has SAME directions.
Fluid Dynamics
System & Control Volume
System : A definite mass of material, distinguishes it from all other matter, called its
Surrounding.
Law of Conservation of Mass : Mass within a system remains CONSTANT with time.
dm
0
dt
d
Newtons Second Law of Motion : mv 0
dt
Fluid Dynamics
III
Control
Vol. II Control II
Vol. System
I
x
System
z
Time, t Time, t + t
Control Volume : A region in space, and is useful in the analysis of situations

where flow occurs into and out of the space.
Control Surface : Boundary of the Control Volume.
Control Volume Open System.!!
Fluid Dynamics
III
Control
Vol. II Control II
Vol. System
I
x
System
z
Time, t Time, t + t
Regardless of type of flow, all flow situations are subject to the following :
1. Newtons Laws of Motions MUST hold for every particle @ every instant.
2. Continuity Equation Law of Conservation of Mass
3. First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics

4. Boundary Conditions
Fluid Dynamics

Let, N Total amount of any Property (Mass / Energy /
Momentum) within a system, at time t.
Control Amount of this property per unit mass.
Vol. II
@ time, t, system, System Vol. II

System
Time, t
@ time, t + t, system , System Vol. 1I + III.
Change in Property, N :
III N system , t t N system , t

Control II
Vol. System
I
dV dV dV
Time, t + t
II III t t II t
. dV Element of vol.
Fluid Dynamics

After adding & Subtracting, dV & dividing by t;

I t t
Control
Vol. II N system , t t N system , t t
t
System
Time, t
dV dV dV

II I t t II t

III t
Control II
Vol. System
I

dV dV

III t t I
Time, t + t t
t t
Fluid Dynamics

N system , t t N system , t
LHS Term;
t
Control
Vol. II Avg. Time Rate of Change in N within the system during time t.
System
lim dN
t 0
Time, t dt
RHS Terms;

III dV dV

Control II System II I t t
I
Vol.
lim
t 0 t
Time, t + t Amount of N within the Control Volume during time t + t.
Fluid Dynamics

dV

II t
lim
Control
Vol. II
t 0 t
Amount of N within the Control Volume during time t.
System
Combining the terms; as over complete Control Volume, i.e. CV :
Time, t

dV dV dV

II I t t II t
III
Control II t
Vol. System
I

Time, t + t

t CV
dV . (I)
Fluid Dynamics

Control
Vol. II

dV
III
v dA v cos dA
t t
lim
System
t 0 t outflow area
Time, t
Time Rate of Flow of N out of the CV.
dA Vector representing an Area Element of Outflow Area.

III
Control Direction Normal to the surface-area element of CV.
II System
Vol.
I (+)ve outward.
Angle bet. Velo. Vector & Elemental Area Vector.
Time, t + t
Fluid Dynamics

dV

I
v dA v cos dA
t t
Control lim
Vol. II t 0 t inflow area
System Time Rate of Flow of N into the CV. . v.dA is (-)ve for inflow!!
Time, t
Combining the last 2 terms; as over complete CV Surface, i.e. CS :

III

dV
III
dV

I

t t t t
Control II lim
I
Vol. System t 0 t t
v dA v cos dA . (II)
Time, t + t
CS CS
Fluid Dynamics
Combining (I) & (II);

Control
Vol. II
dN
System

d t t CV
dV v dA
CS
Time, t
i.e. Time Rate of Change in any property, N within a system
= Time Rate of Change in N within the CV

III
Control II + Net Rate of Efflux of N across the CS (CV Boundary).
Vol. System
I
Time, t + t
Fluid Dynamics
Application of the CV : Continuity Eq.
Continuity Equation : dm
Conservation of Mass 0
dt
Let, N be the mass of the System. = Mass per unit mass!!
= 1!!
dN

d t t CV
dV v dA
CS

0
t CV
dV v dA
CS
i.e. Time Rate of Change in Mass within a CV = Net Rate of Mass Inflow to the CV
Fluid Dynamics
Application of the CV : Energy Eq.
Energy Equation : of Thermodynamics

First Law QH W E2 E1
Let, N be the Int. Energy of the System. N = E!!
= E / m = e!!
dN

d t t CV
dV v dA
CS
dE

d t t CV
e dV e v dA
CS
Fluid Dynamics
Application of the CV : Energy Eq.

QH W d E
t

t

d t t CV
e dV e v dA
CS
Work done by the system = Wpr, by Pr. Forces + WS, by Shear Forces,
on surroundings on moving boundaries. e.g. torque on a rotating shaft.
W pr
Pv d A
t
QH WS d E
t

t

d t t CV
e dV e v dA P v dA
CS CS
QH WS d E P
t

t

d t t CV
e dV e v dA
CS

Fluid Dynamics
Application of the CV : Linear Momentum Eq.

d
Momentum Equation
Newtons :Second Law of Motion F mv
dt
Let, N be the Linear Momentum of the System. N = mv!!
= mv / m = v!!
dN

d t t CV
dV v dA
CS
d
F d t mv t v dV v v dA
CV CS
i.e. Resultant Force acting on a CV = Time Rate of Change in Linear Momentum within CV
+ Net Rate of Efflux of Linear Momentum from the CV
Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
ASSUMPTION : Steady Flow.
CV Walls + End Areas of sections 1 & 2.
v2 Continuity Equation :
Control dA2

dV v dA
Vol.
0
2 t CV CS
v1

0
t CV
dV v dA
CS
Steady Flow
1
dA1
0 v dA
CS
Net Mass Outflow from CV must be ZERO!!

Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
Net Mass Outflow @ Section 1 :
1 v1 dA1 1 v1 dA1
v2 Net Mass Outflow @ Section 2 :
2 v2 dA2 2 v2 dA2
Control dA2
Vol.
2 NO Flow through the walls.

v1
1 v1dA1 2 v2 dA2
1
dA1 m 1 V1dA1 2 V2 dA2
1
.for V v dA
AA
Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
Discharge, Q, (also Vol. Flow Rate, or Flow) :
v2 Q AV
Control dA2
Vol.
2
m 1 Q1 2 Q2
v1
1
dA1 For Incompressible, Steady Flow :
Q A1 V1 A2 V2
Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
3-D Cartesian Coordinates : Velo. Components in x, y, z directions are u, v, w.
Flux through RHS face of normal to x direction :

y
x
u x u 2 y z
z
u y z
y and u vary continuously
through the fluid.
x
Flux through LHS face of normal to x direction :
x x
u u y z
x 2
z
Similar expressions for y and z directions.
Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
Net Mass Outflow :

u v w x y z
x y z
y
z
u y z
y
0
t CV
dV v dA
CS
.Continuity
Equation
x

x x y z
t

z x u y v z w t

Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation

x u y v z w t

y
z . For every point in flow.
. For Steady / Unsteady Flow.
u y z . For Compressible / Incompressible Flow.
y
x For Incompressible Flow :
x u v w
x y z 0

z
Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation
Vector Mathematics : Operator : GRADIENT, :

i j k
x y z
Velo. Vector, q : q i u jvk w

q i j k i u j v k w
x y z

u v w
x y z
Fluid Dynamics
Continuity Equation

u
v
w q
x y z t t
For Incompressible Flow :
u v w
x y z 0 q 0

i.e. Divergence of Velo. Vector, q.
i.e. Net Volume Efflux per unit volume @ a point MUST be zero for incompressible flow.
Fluid Dynamics
Eulers Equation of Motion

Small cylindrical element of fluid, with area A,
of length s,
P with axis along a streamline, s.
(P + s ) A s
s
ASSUMPTION : Viscosity ZERO. i.e. NO Friction Forces.
s A
Momentum Eq. :

F
d
mv v dV v v dA
P A g A s dt t CV CS

F s t v s A
CS
v v dA .(I)
Fluid Dynamics
P
(P + s ) A s
s Forces acting are :
A P
s
F s P A P A s s A g s A cos

P z
P A g A s s A g s A .(II)
s s
s z

Fluid Dynamics

Net Efflux of s momentum Flow through cyl. surafce, mt
A v +
2 ( A v ) s
2
s + through end faces.

mt v

v v dA mt v A v 2
CS

A v 2
Av 2
s

A v s
2

.(III)
A v + ( A v) s

dV v dA
s Continuity Eq. : 0
mt t CV CS

0 A s mt A v s .(IV)
t s
A v
Fluid Dynamics

Eliminating mt :

v v dA A s v A s v v A s
2
CS t s s
.from (III) & (IV)

v
t
v v A s
s
v A s
2
s
2 v 2 v
v v v v 2v A s
t s s s s
v
v v As .(V)
t s
Fluid Dynamics

P z
F s s s A g s s A t v s A
CS
v v dA
.from (I) & (II)
P z v
s A g s A v s A v v s A
s s t t s
.from (V)
P z v
s g s s A t v v t v s s A

P z v v
g v v v s A 0
s s s t t t
P z v v
g v s A 0 .(VI)
s s s t
Fluid Dynamics
Dividing by A s; and taking limits for A s approach to zero :
1 P z v v
g v 0
s s s t
1 P z v
For Steady Flow : g v 0
s s s
dP
In differential form : g d z v dv 0 .as s is the only independent variable.

Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli Equation
dP
Eulers Eq. : g d z v d v 0

Integrating, we get :
P v2
g z Const . .Bernoulli Eq.
2
. Energy per Unit Mass.
P v2 . Energy per Unit Gravity Force.

z Const .
2g . Convenient to deal
with LIQ. Flow.
v2 . Energy per Unit Volume.

P z Const .
2 . Convenient to deal
with GAS Flow.
Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli Equation
P v2
Bernoulli Eq. : z Const .
2g
Pr. Head!
Flow Energy.
Potential Head!! E = Available Energy!!!!

Potential Energy.
CONST. along Steady, Frictionless,
Kinetic Head!!!
Kinetic Energy. Incompressible Flow.
Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli Equation
For any 2 points on a Streamline,
Bernoulli Eq. :
2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
z1 z2
2g 2g
P1 P2 z z
v1
2
v2
2
0

1 2
2g
NOTE : Each term is in unit, meter!!
Fluid Dynamics
Steady State Energy Equation

Steady State, Steady Flow through CV :
QH P1 v1 WS
2
P2 v2
2
1 A1v1 z1
2 A2 v2 z2

t 2 g t 2 g
P2
WS u2
z2
2 Conservation of Mass :
1 v2
m1 1 A1v1 m2 2 A2 v2
v1
P1 QH
u1
z1
P1 v1
2
P2 v2
2
q H z1 u1 wS
z 2 u2

2 g 2 g
Fluid Dynamics
Losses
Process : Path of the Succession of States through which the System passes.
e.g. Changes in Velo. / Temp. / Elevation / Pr. / Density, etc.
Reversible A Process that can be made to take place in such manner

Process : that it could return to its original state, without a final
change in either the System or its Surrounding.
Practically IMPOSSIBLE!!!
Reasons : 1. Viscous Friction,

2. Coulomb Friction,
3. Unrestrained Expansion,
4. Hysteresis, etc.
Fluid Dynamics
Losses
Losses : (Work for Reversible Process) (Work for Irreversible Process)
For any Incompressible Fluid :
2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
z1 z2 losses 12
2g 2g
NOTE : In terms of unit, meter!!
Fluid Dynamics
Losses due to Sudden Expansion in Pipe
Force Balance :
P1 A2 P2 A2 A2 v2 v2 A1 v1 v1
P1 P2 A2 A2 v2 2 A1 v12
A1 1 2 A2 P1 P2 A

A2 v2 A1 v1
2 2

g
2

P 1 A2 P 2 A2
A1 2
V1 V2 v2 v1
2
P1 P2 A2
g
Fluid Dynamics
A1
v2 v1 v1
2
P1 P2 A2
g
A2
v2 v2 v1
2
P1 P2 A2 . A1V1 = A2V2
A1 1 2 A2
g
P 1 A2 P 2 A2
V1 V2
P1 P2 v2 2 v2 v1 . (I)
g
Fluid Dynamics
Energy Balance :
2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
h12
2g 2g
A1 1 2 A2
P 1 A2 P 2 A2
P1 P2 v2 2 v12 h . (II)
1 2
2g
V1 V2
Fluid Dynamics

Equating RHS of (I) & (II) :
v 2
2 v1
2

h12
v2 v2 v1 2

2g g
h12
v 2
2
v2 v1

v2 v1
2 2

g 2g
1 2

A1 A2
2 2 2
2v 2v2 v1 v2 v1
P 1 A2 P 2 A2
h12 2
2g
V1 V2
v1 v2
2
v1 A1
2 2
h12 1
2g 2g A2
Fluid Dynamics
Applications of Bernoullis Equations
Main Applications of Bernoullis Equation :
1. Venturi Meter.
2. Orifice Meter.
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
Venturi Meter : A device used to measure the rate of flow of fluid through a p
Principle of Operation :
C/s Area Pr Q
Consists of :
1. Inlet Section.
2. Convergent Cone.
3. Cylindrical Throat.
Giovanni Battista Venturi 4. Gradually Divergent Section.
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
Convergent Cone : Total Included Angle = 21 + 1
Length ||el to axis = 2.7 (D d)
of Inlet section
of Throat
Throat : Length ||el to axis = d
Divergent Cone : Total Included Angle = 5 - 15 , Preferred @ 7
Length of Convergent Section < Length of Divergent Section.
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
Convergent Cone : Rapid Accel. of flow without much Loss of Energy.
Flow Separation from Boundary (i.e. walls)
Divergent Cone :
Formation of Eddies Loss of Energy.
Hence, length of the Divergent

Section is more and gradual than
that of Convergent Section.
C/s Area of Throat velo. Pr

This Pr bet. Inlet & Throat : Mmt. by Diff. Manometer / Pr. Gauge.
Rate of Flow of Fluid...!!
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
Pr. MUST be kept above Vap. Pr. to avoid vap. bubbles / pockets.
i.e. Cavitation
of Throat : 1/3 3/4 of of pipe, preferred 1/2.
For Sections 1 (Pipe) & 2 (Throat) :

2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
z1 z2
2g 2g
2 2
P1 P2 v2 v
1 .For z1 = z2
2g 2g
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
2 2
P1 P2 v2 v1
If, h, Venturi Head, h
2g 2g
Qth A1 v1 A2 v2
.Continuity Equation!!
Qth Q
v1 , & v2 th
A1 A2
Qth 1 1
2
h 2 2
2 g A2 A1
A1 A2 2 gh
Qth
2 2
A1 A2
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
Qth : Theoretical Discharge, as losses not considered.
Q A1 A2 2 gh
Cd (or K ) Q Cd
Qth 2
A1 A2
2
.generally, 0.98.
For a given Venturi, A1 & A2 are fixed.
A1 A2 2 g
C
2 2
A1 A2
Q Cd C h
Q h
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
When a U-tube Manometer is connected for Pr. Mmt,
Let x Difference in levels of manometric liq.
P1 P2 m
h x 1

In terms of Sp. Gravity,
P1 P2 s
h x m 1
s
Fluid Dynamics
Venturi Meter
Inclined Venturi Meter : For Sections 1 (Pipe) & 2 (Throat) :

2 2
P1 v1 P v
z1 2 2 z2
2g 2g
P1 P2 v2 2 v12
z1 z 2
2g 2g
2 2
v v
Venturi Head, h 2 1
2g 2g
A1 A2 2 gh
Qth
2 2
A1 A2
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
Orifice Meter : A device used to measure the rate of flow of fluid through a pi
Principle of Operation :
C/s Area Pr Q
Advantages :
1. Cheaper than Venturi Meter.
2. Smaller length reqd. for Installation.
Preferred for Space Constraints!!
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
Flat circular plate with a concentric circular hole, known as Orific
Taper of the plate, between 30 to 45 , Preferred 45 .!!!
Thk, t 0.05 pipe
Orifice Plate, clamped between 2 pipe flanges, with beveled surfaces, facing downstream.
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
orifice = 02 085 of pipe , preferred 0.5
Upstream Pr. Tap : @ 0.9 1.1 of pipe
orifice
Downstream Pr. Tap :
pipe
orifice < pipe C/s Area
Velo.
Downstream Pr. Tap : @ smallest C/s Area of flow.

Vena Contracta!
Velomax Prmin Pmax bet. sections 1 & 2!!
Limitation : Abrupt Change in C/s Area Losses, compared to Venturi Meter!!

Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
For Upstream (1, Pipe) & Downstream (2, Vena Contracta) :

2 2
P1 v1 P2 v2
z1 z2
2g 2g
P1 P2 v2 2 v12
z1 z 2
2g 2g
2 2
v2 v1
h
2g 2g
2
v2 2 g h v1
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
v
Coefficient of Velo. Cv
vth
2
v2 Cv 2 g h v1
Q A1 v1 A2 v2
.Continuity Equation
A2
v1 v2
A1
A2 A0 CC
CC .A0 : Area of Orifice v1 v2
A0 A1
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
2
v2 Cv 2 g h v1
2
A0 CC
v2 C v 2 g h v2
A1
2g h
v2 C v 2
A0
1 Cv CC
2 2
A1
Fluid Dynamics
Orifice Meter
Q A2 v2 CC A0 v2
Let, CC Cv C d
.Cd : Coefficient of Discharge
Q A2 v2 CC A0 v2
2g h
Q Cd A0 2
A0
1 Cd
2
A1
Fluid Dynamics
Thank You !

SE Prod FM CH 2 Fluid Dynamics

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SE Prod FM CH 2 Fluid Dynamics

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Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Circuits

Various types of Flow (general description only),

Application of Energy and Continuity Equations for Fluid

Most prevalent situation in engineering practices.

Shear Stresses Irreversibilities & Losses

Losses vary @ as the 1.7 to 2 power of velo.

Governed by Newtons Law of Viscosity.

Shear Stress Angular Deformation.

Losses vary @ as the First power of velo.

Non Viscous & having Reversible Flow Processes.

Velo.:Vector @ every point is identically the same (magnitude &

DOES NOT say anything @ change in velocity at a point with

e.g. Liq. being pumped through a long straight pipe.

Liq. flow through a long pipe @ a rate : Unsteady, Uniform flow.

Liq. flow through an expanding tube @ a rate : Unsteady, Non-uniform flow.

Rotational Flow OR Vortex Flow :

Static + Frictionless Fluid : IRROTATIONAL!!

One Dimensional NO Variation

NO changes in flow normal to the planes!!

Particle moved in the direction of the streamline @ any instant.

Its displ., s, having components x, y, and z has the direction of the

s and q has SAME directions.

System & Control Volume

System & Control Volume

Control Volume : A region in space, and is useful in the analysis of situations

Control Surface : Boundary of the Control Volume.

Control Volume Open System.!!

System & Control Volume

2. Continuity Equation Law of Conservation of Mass

3. First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics

System & Control Volume

@ time, t, system, System Vol. II

III N system , t t N system , t

System & Control Volume

System & Control Volume

System & Control Volume

System & Control Volume

Time Rate of Flow of N out of the CV.

dA Vector representing an Area Element of Outflow Area.

System & Control Volume

System & Control Volume

Combining (I) & (II);

i.e. Time Rate of Change in any property, N within a system

= Time Rate of Change in N within the CV

Application of the CV : Continuity Eq.

Let, N be the mass of the System. = Mass per unit mass!!

Application of the CV : Energy Eq.

Energy Equation : of Thermodynamics

Let, N be the Int. Energy of the System. N = E!!

Application of the CV : Energy Eq.

Application of the CV : Linear Momentum Eq.

CV Walls + End Areas of sections 1 & 2.

Net Mass Outflow from CV must be ZERO!!

v2 Net Mass Outflow @ Section 2 :

2 NO Flow through the walls.

Discharge, Q, (also Vol. Flow Rate, or Flow) :

3-D Cartesian Coordinates : Velo. Components in x, y, z directions are u, v, w.

Flux through RHS face of normal to x direction :

x For Incompressible Flow :

Velo. Vector, q : q i u jvk w

For Incompressible Flow :

Eulers Equation of Motion