Chick Gametogenesis

By : Anthea Allam
Gametogenesis

Gametogenesis, the production of sperm (spermatogenesis) and eggs (oogenesis), takes place through the process ofmeiosis

Spermatogenesis

diploid spermatogonia go through mitosis until they begin to develop intogametes;

eventually, one develops into a primaryspermatocytethat will go through the first
meiotic division to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Spermatogenesis Diagram

enesis
I. Formation of spermatids

A.) Multiplication phase

- primordial germ cells that are undifferenciated undergo repeated mitotic
divisions which produces spermatogonia
B.) Growth phase
- spermatogonial cells actively grow to a larger primary spermatocyte
 C.) Maturation phase
-primary spermatocyte undergoes two successive
division

- The first maturation division is meiotic.

- secondary spermatocytes now undergo second

maturation division which is mitotic in nature to form,
four haploid spermatids.
Spermiogenesis

transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

In this phasespermatids undergo modification
in form and changes in the relative position.
Changes in the nucleus

nucleus loses water from the nuclear sap, shrinks and assumes different shapes
RNA contents of the nucleus and the nucleolus are greatly reduced
DNA becomes more concentrated and the chromatin material becomes closely packed
into small volume.
 Acrosome formation
Tail formation

acrosome occurs at the anterior side of the sperm nucleus and contains protease
enzymes which help its easy penetration inside the egg

mitochondria of the spermatids fuse together and twist spirally around the axial
filament.
Oogenesis
diploidoogonium go throughmitosisuntil one develops into a
primaryoocyte, which will begin the first meiotic division, but
then arrest; it will finish this division as it develops in the follicle,
giving rise to ahaploidsecondary oocyte and a
smallerpolarbody.
Oogenesis Diagram
3 phases under Oogenesis

A.) Multiplication phase

- some cells of germinal epithelium become large sized and multiply mitotically to
from a population of egg mother cells or oogonia.
- One cell in the egg nest grows and becomes the primary oocyte which is the future
ovum
- Other oogonia in the nest form the follicular epithelium, round the primary
oocyte to protect and nourish it.
 B.) Growth phase
size of the primary oocyte increases enormously.
cytoplasm of the oocyte becomes rich in RNA, DNA, ATP and enzymes.
nucleus also becomes large due to the increased amount of nucleoplasm and is called germinal
vesicle.

C.) Maturation phase

Each primary oocyte undergoes two maturation division
- first meiotic division- primary oocyte divides into two very unequal haploid
daughter cells-a large secondary oocyte and a very small first polar body or
polocyte.
- second maturation division - first polar body may divide to form two second polar bodies.
Changes that occur during differentiation of
oocyte into ovum

1. Changes in the nucleus

- nucleus of the oocyte becomes enlarged
- lampbrush chromosomes appear
 2. Changes in cytoplasm
Mitochondria are fewer in young oocytes

Golgi bodies. In mature oocytes they sometimes

disappear completely.

- In mature oocytes the membranes of ER usually do not have ribosomes

- Cortical granules. These are spherical bodies surrounded by a simple

membrane and contain acid mucopolysaccharides.

- Vitellogenesis is the synthesis of yolk in the primary oocytes

Ovum/Egg

cytoplasm is called ooplasm containing large nucleus, termed the germinal vesicle.
nucleus contains a prominent nucleolus.
cytoplasm is enveloped by a cell membrane (plasma membrane)
membrane forming the surface layer of an ovum is called the vitelline membrane
Type of Egg

Macrolecithal eggs
contain large amount of yolk
Meiolecithal eggs
yolk is very large which occupies nearly the entire ooplasm, leaving free only a
small disc-like area of cytoplasm for the nucleus