SJB Institute Of Technology

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
STEALTH TECHNOLOGY IN AIRCRAFT
Under the Guidance of :
1 Dr. Kiran Kumar P
Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,SJBIT

Prepared By :

D ANJAN KUMAR [1JB16MMD03]

2 OUTLINE OF SEMINAR

Introduction
Techniques Employed For Object Detection
EM Spectrum
Radar Cross Section
Rule Of Balanced Observables
Design Aspects Of Stealth Technology(air)
Stealth Aircraft Of Yester-years, Today And
Tomorrow
Future Stealth Technology

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3 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS STEALTH???

Means Low observable

Misunderstood and misinterpreted concepts
Not really makes an object (like aircraft etc,.)
invisible but makes invincible.
Similar to camouflage tactics used by soldiers in
jungle warfare.

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TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FOR
OBJECT DETECTION

1. RADAR Technology
2. Heat detection
3. Turbulence detection.

4 4. Visual detection.
5. Acoustic detection

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5 EM SPECTRUM

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6 RADAR CROSS SECTION(RCS)

The size of a target's image on radar is measured by the

Radar Cross Section or RCS, often represented by the symbol
.
A perfectly conducting sphere of projected cross sectional
area 1m2 (ie a diameter of 1.13m) will have an RCS of 1m 2.
Note that for radar wavelengths much less than the diameter
of the sphere, RCS is independent of frequency.
A flat plat of area 1m2 will have an RCS of almost 14,000m2
at 10GHz if the radar is perpendicular to the flat surface.
If you rotate it, the amount of energy reflected directly back
to the transmitter is reduced, as some is reflected to the side,
so the RCS is reduced.

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7 RCS REDUCTION v/s
POSSIBILITY OF DETECTION
.

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8 RULE OF BALANCED
OBSERVABLES

A Stealth object should be designed so that every

detection system arrayed against it has roughly the
same range.
There is no point in having a plane that is invisible
to radar at 5 km if it can be seen at 10 km.

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9 FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN
ASPECTS OF AN AIR
STEALTH

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10 VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH
DETERMINES DESIGN

Shaping

Non-metallic airframe

IR Signature

Jet Wakes

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Visibility
11 1.SHAPING
1.11 RAS (Radar absorbent surfaces)
Works by deflecting the incoming radar waves and reduce the
detection range.
The concept behind the RAS is that of reflecting a light beam
from a torch with a mirror.
RAS works due to angles at which aircrafts fuselage are built.
The angle at which the reflection takes place is also more
important.
1.12 INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION
Another important factor is the internal construction. Behind
the skin of some aircraft are structures known as re-entrant
triangles. Radar waves penetrating the skin of the aircraft get
trapped in these structures, bouncing off the internal faces
and losing energy.

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 1.13 Tail placement
The most efficient way to reflect radar waves back to
12 the transmitting radar is with orthogonal metal plates,
forming a corner reflector consisting of either a
dihedral (two plates) or a trihedral (three orthogonal
plates). This configuration occurs in the tail of a
conventional aircraft, where the vertical and horizontal
components of the tail are set at right angles. The
most radical approach is to eliminate the tail
completely, as in the B-2 Spirit
1.14 Design for Engine and armor placement
Stealth design must bury the engines within the wing
or fuselage, or in some cases where stealth is applied
to an existing aircraft, install baffles in the air intakes,
so that the turbine blades are not visible to radar.
A stealthy shape must be devoid of complex bumps or
protrusions of any kind; meaning that weapons, fuel
tanks, and other stores must not be carried externally.
Any stealthy vehicle becomes un-stealthy when a
door or hatch is opened.

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 1.15 Planform alignment
13 Planform alignment involves using a small number
of surface orientations in the shape of the structure.
Careful inspection shows that many small
structures, such as the air intake bypass doors and
the air refueling aperture, also use the same angles.
The effect of planform alignment is to return a radar
signal in a very specific direction away from the
radar emitter rather than returning a diffuse signal
detectable at many angles.

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14 1.2 RAM( RADAR
ABSORBENT MATERIALS)
Radar absorbing paint or radar absorbent material, is used
especially on the edges of metal surfaces. The RAM
coating, known also as iron ball paint, contains tiny
spheres coated with carbonyl iron ferrite. Radar waves
induce alternating magnetic field in this material, which
leads to conversion of their energy into heat. The aircraft
must be painted by robots, not just because the solvent
used is toxic, but because the thickness of the sprayed
layers must be tightly controlled.
In a similar vein, it is known that coating the cockpit
window with a thin film of gold helps to reduce the
aircraft's radar profile because radar waves would normally
enter the cockpit, bounce off something random (the inside
of the cockpit has a very complex shape), and possibly
return to the radar - but if the gold reflects the incoming
radar waves, most of the energy is likely to go straight up
rather than back to the radar. The gold film is thin enough
that it doesn't significantly affect the pilot's vision.

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RAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
15

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16 2. NON-METALLIC
AIRFRAME
Dielectric composites are relatively transparent to
radar, whereas electrically conductive materials
such as metals and carbon fibers reflect
electromagnetic energy incident on the material's
surface. Composites used may contain ferrites to
optimize the dielectric and magnetic properties of
the material for its application.
Advanced composites materials capable of
absorbing & dissipating incoming radio energy.
Skin- Carbon fibre reinforced plastic

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17 3. DESIGN FOR LOW IR
SIGNATURE
It is generally to have a non-circular tail pipe (a slit shape)
in order to minimise the exhaust area and maximise the
mixing of the hot exhaust with cool ambient air.
Cool air is deliberately injected into the exhaust flow to
boost this process.
The exhaust gas is cooled to the temperatures where the
brightest wavelengths it radiates on are absorbed by
atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, dramatically
reducing the infrared visibility of the exhaust plume.
There are two significant sources of infrared radiation from
air breathing propulsion systems: hot parts and jet wakes.
The fundamental variables available for reducing radiation
are temperature and emissivity.

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 Emmisivity
Emissivity can be a double edged sword, particularly
18 inside a duct. While a low emissivity surface will reduce
the emitted energy, it will also enhance reflected energy
that may be coming from a hotter internal region. Thus, a
careful optimization must be made to determine the
preferred emissivity pattern inside a jet engine exhaust
pipe.
Frequency
The required emissivity pattern as a function of both
frequency and spatial dispersion having been determined,
the next issue is how to make materials that fit the bill.
The Third approach is masking.
This is clearly much easier to do when the majority of the
power is taken off by the turbine, as in a propjet or
helicopter application. The main body of the airplane has
its own radiation, heavily dependent on speed and
altitude, and the jet plume (burnt gases) can be a most
significant factor, particularly in afterburning operation.
Strong cooperation between engine and airframe
manufacturers in the early stages of design is extremely
important.

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19 4. JET WAKES
The driver determining radar return from a jet wake
is the ionization present.
It Is important in calculating the return from an
ionized wake to use nonequilibrium mathematics for
medium and high altitudes
The jet-wake radiation follows the same laws as the
engine hot parts, a very strong dependency on
temperature and a multiplicative factor of
emissivity.

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20 5. VISIBILITY

Most stealth aircraft use matte paint and dark

colors, and operate only at night. Lately, interest on
daylight Stealth has emphasized the use of gray
paint in disruptive schemes, and it is assumed that
some sort of lighting could be used in the future to
mask shadows in the airframe (in daylight, against
the clear background of the sky, dark tones are
easier to detect than light ones) or as a sort of
camouflage.

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21

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22 How variable camouflage is achieved in
electrochromic materials
23 6. COMPONENT DESIGN

When the basic aircraft signature is reduced to a

very low level, detail design becomes very
important. Access panel and door edges, for
example, have the potential to be major contributors
to radar cross section unless measures are taken to
suppress them.
The pilot's head, complete with helmet, is a major
source of radar return.
The solution is to design the cockpit so that its
external shape conforms to good low radar cross
section design rules.
So that it should pass at least 85% of the visible
energy and reflect essentially all of the radar energy.

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24 STEALTH AIRCRAFT OF
YESTER-YEARS, TODAY
AND TOMMOROW
A concept that is not at all new.
The first stealth aircraft was the F-117 developed by Lockheed
Martin which is equipped with laser guided nuclear missiles in
1980s.
Russian scientists who developed the Yak-141(super-sonic
craft).
Two new entries into this field will be India and China.
India will be introducing its MCA (Multi-role Combat Aircraft) ,
which is a twin engine fighter without vertical stabilizers but
use thrust vectoring.
China will be introducing the J-12 (F-12/XXJ), similar to the F-
22.

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25 IS STEALTH A DISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGY?

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26 FUTURE STEALTH
TECHNOLOGY
Future of air combat.
Decisive factor for a country.
Easily incorporated in ships, helicopters, tanks and
transport.

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27 REFERENCES
[1] V.K. Saxena, Stealth and Counter-stealth Some
Emerging Thoughts and Continuing Debates, Journal of
Defence Studies, 6(3),2012,19-28.
[2] S. VASS, Stealth technology deployed on the
battlefield, AARMS,2000,257269.
[3] D. Singh, A. Kumar, S. Meena, and V. Agarwala,
Analysis of Frequency Selective Surfaces for radar
absorbing Materials Progress In Electromagnetics
Research B,2012, 38, 297314
[4] S. Cadirci,RF stealth (or low observable)and
counter RF stealth technologies: implications of
counter RF stealth solutions for Turkish air force ,naval
postgraduate school, March 2009.
[5] H.W Yang, Yan Liu, Runge Kutta Exponential Time
Differencing Method Analysis Of Non-Magnetized
Plasma Stealth, Springer science business media,May
2010.

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28
THANK YOU