:

1. (extrusion)
2. (injection molding)
3. (reaction injection molding)
4. (blow forming)
5. (thermoforming)
6. (calendaring)
7. (fiber manufacturing, spinning)
8. (compaction and sintering)
1. (EXTRUSION)
 (1)

,


.
T ,
,
,

.
:
() ,
() ,

()

.
-

 (2)
,
, .
.

,
, :

 (3)

,

.


Ds= ( =
)
Db= =Ds+2 =
L = (L =D tan)
 (1)

-
.


.
Vb=DN :

N :
:

V : =V
z bz bcos=DNcos.

z L
.

:
z=L/sin.

W =,
L cos =
D
tan cos
V = Vbcos = DN : P=P2() - P1() , L=
cos , = ,
 (2)
()
,
(leakage flow) (QL), :

,
L, D, H
.

(
):
 (3)


 2. I E (INJECTION MOLDING)

.

,

.
,
-
.


.
,
.
:
(clamping),
,
(ejection)
.


(nozzle),
(sprue), (runner),
(gate) (cavities).
:
,
-,
- ,
.
 (1)


:
(filling),
(packing),

(cooling).

-
-

- .


 (2)

,

.
10 - 100 s (
).

,
.

- .

.



.

- .

.
,

 (1)
1. :


:

- -

.

:
() (
), ()
.

:
:
- ,

- - rr



-, (4)
.
,

 (2)
(2) (t)
- ur

(7)


, -

p
r.
p c ()
:

tr<10-4, -
- .

, in << 1,
(.
 (3)
()


0=.

()
.

t*
,


R* [.
. .
. (3)] Q
-
(.
).
,
. (11) :

0 .
t*
(21)
R*=R =1/,


 ()

:



.


1. .
2.
(Biot > 1)
3.
.


(tc)


(TE).

:

p
1.
-
, -

. :
2.

(cores), -
.
3.
:
-
A =
()
d =
( ).
E =
p =
t =
=

T =
= Poisson
=