Toxicology 1

TOXICOLOGY
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
The study of chemical or physical agents that

produce adverse responses in the biological
systems in which they interact.
TOXICOLOGY
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
Exposure + Toxicity = Health Hazard
Exposure Contact with substance through

direct contact, inhalation, ingestion and skin
absorption.
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
Direct Contact
Corrosives
Needle Sticks
Cuts
High Pressure Gases

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Ingestion
TEAM
Introduction through the mouth
Eating
Smoking
Results from improper decon

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Absorption
TEAM
Introduction through the skin
May occur with no sensation
Enhanced by heat, cuts or moisture
Rate varies (scalp vs arm)

ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Inhalation
TEAM
Introduction via respiratory system

Most common exposure
Most damaging
Gases
Liquids that generate vapor or aerosol
Solids that generate fumes or dust
EXPOSURE AND DOSE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Dose concentration or amount of material

to which the body is exposed.
Acute Usually, single dose immediate

exposure at high concentration.
Chronic Usually, multiple exposures over

long period of time, low concentration.
TOXICOLOGY
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
LD50 The dose (oral) of a substance that

is expected to cause the death of 50% of a
defined experimental animal population.
LC50 the dose (inhaled) of a substance that

is expected to cause the death of 50% of a
defined experimental animal population.
DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Dose 1 oz of bourbon consumed in

60 minutes
Acute - minimal
Chronic - none
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Dose 1 quart of bourbon consumed

in 60 minutes
Acute Illness or death
Chronic - Minimal
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Dose 1 ounce of bourbon consumed every

6o minutes for 12 hours each day, 365 days
a year
Acute - Minimal
Chronic Brain and liver damage

HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Dose 1 quart of bourbon consumed over

1 year
Acute - None
Chronic - None
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
Threshold Limit Value Maximum airborne
Concentration of a material to which an
Average healthy person may be exposed
Repeatedly for 8 hours a day, 40 hours
A week, without suffering adverse effects.
Adopted by the American Conference of

Governmental Industrial Hygienists
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
Permissible Exposure Limit maximum
Time weighted concentration at which
95% of exposed, healthy adults suffer
No adverse effects over a 40 hour work
Week.
Adopted by the Occupational Safety and

Health Administration
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

An atmospheric concentration of any toxic,
Corrosive or asphyxiating substance that
Poses an immediate threat to life or would
Cause irreversible health effects.
Oral LD50 for Known Chemicals
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Sucrose 29,700 mg/kg

Ethyl Alcohol 14,000 mg/kg
Sodium Chloride 3,000 mg/kg
Aspirin 1,000 mg/kg
Caffeine 192 mg/kg
Nicotine 53 mg/kg
Sodium Cyanide 6.4 mg/kg
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Local An effect at or near the site of

contact
Systemic Enters the bloodstream and

attacks organs or internal area of the body
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Liver Hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride

nitroamines
Kidneys Nephrotoxin, hydrocarbons,

mercury
CNS Neurotoxin, lead, toluene,

organophosphate pesticides
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Lungs Respiratory, asbestos,

hydrogen sulfide
Blood Hematotoxin, benzene, chlordane,

DDT
Skeletal Skeletal, hydrofluoric acid,

selenium
HAZARDOUS
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
MATERIALS
TEAM
Skin Dermatoxin, halogenated

hydrocarbons coal tars, UV light
Fetus Teratogen, lead, ethylene oxide
Genetic Mutagen, radiation, lead,

Ethylene dibromide
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Environmental factors
Air pollution
Workplace
Previous exposure
Smoking
Diet
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Intraspecies variation
Age
Gender
Genetics
Health
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Route of entry
The body reacts different to similar doses

of the same material
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Duration and frequency of exposure
If a dose is received at a slow rate, the body

may be able to eliminate the material as
quick as it is received, resulting in little or
no toxic response. Also, must consider
acute vs chronic exposure.
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Interspecies variation
Most toxicity studies are based on

animal models. What may not be toxic
to an animal may kill a human.
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W Chemical Combinations
Potentiation One chemical is not toxic,

but it increases the toxicity of another
compound. Isopropyl alcohol is not a
hepatotoxin, but it increases the toxicity
of carbon tetrachloride.
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Synergists Chemicals combined cause a

greater effect than when separate (1+1= 4).
Hepatotoxicity of ethanol and carbon
tetrachloride is greater when combined.
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Antagonists chemicals that when

combined lessen the toxic effect.
Functional produces opposite effects

on the same function. Phosphate reduces
lead absorption by forming insoluble
lead phosphate.
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Chemical Combinations
TEAM
Antagonist
Dispositional alters absorption,
metabolism, distribution or excretion.
Some alcohols use the same metabolic
enzymes. Ethanol is metabolized quicker
than methanol. Ethanol is given to counter
methanol poisoning. The methanol is
excreted instead of being metabolized to
formaldehyde.
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
Antagonist
Receptor one chemical binds the same

receptor that the toxic compound does
thus reducing the toxic effect. Atropine
is given to counter the toxic effect of
organophosphate pesticides.
HAZARDOUS
QUESTIONS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM
W
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
TEAM

Toxicology 1

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Toxicology 1

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TOXICOLOGY

The study of chemical or physical agents that

Exposure Contact with substance through

High Pressure Gases

Introduction through the mouth

Results from improper decon

Introduction through the skin

May occur with no sensation

Enhanced by heat, cuts or moisture

Rate varies (scalp vs arm)

Introduction via respiratory system

Dose concentration or amount of material

Acute Usually, single dose immediate

Chronic Usually, multiple exposures over

LD50 The dose (oral) of a substance that

LC50 the dose (inhaled) of a substance that

Dose 1 oz of bourbon consumed in

Dose 1 quart of bourbon consumed

Acute Illness or death

Dose 1 ounce of bourbon consumed every

Chronic Brain and liver damage

Dose 1 quart of bourbon consumed over

Adopted by the American Conference of

Adopted by the Occupational Safety and

Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

Sucrose 29,700 mg/kg

Local An effect at or near the site of

Systemic Enters the bloodstream and

Liver Hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride

Kidneys Nephrotoxin, hydrocarbons,

CNS Neurotoxin, lead, toluene,

Lungs Respiratory, asbestos,

Blood Hematotoxin, benzene, chlordane,

Skeletal Skeletal, hydrofluoric acid,

Skin Dermatoxin, halogenated

Fetus Teratogen, lead, ethylene oxide

Genetic Mutagen, radiation, lead,

The body reacts different to similar doses

Duration and frequency of exposure

If a dose is received at a slow rate, the body

Most toxicity studies are based on

Potentiation One chemical is not toxic,

Synergists Chemicals combined cause a

Antagonists chemicals that when

Functional produces opposite effects

Receptor one chemical binds the same

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