Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down

into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Examples
Contain carbon and
hydrogen
Do not contain carbon
and hydrogen

Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells

Elements Animal cells Plant cells
Carbon, Hydrogen, Synthesis of _____________________ compounds. For Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids
Oxygen, Nitrogen example ________________________________________. and nucleic acids.

Sulphur (S) Component of some _________________________. Component of some proteins.

Formation of bones and teeth. / _________________ of Induces the formation of flowers and _______________. /
Phosphorus (P) muscles / synthesis _____________________ Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.

Regulates _______________ pressure in the cells. / Helps in

Sodium (Na) the transmission of ___________________________.
Not Required.

Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a _________________ Required for the synthesis of _________________________. /
Magnesium (Mg)
for some enzyme. Activates enzymes in the cells.

Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Synthesis of cell walls (________________________). /
Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting. Maintain the semi-permeability of plasma membrane.

Synthesis of _________________ blood cells / Respiratory Synthesis of _______________________. / Act as an electron

Iron (Fe) enzymes. carrier during photosynthesis and respiration.

Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve

Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes.
impulses.

Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys _______________________ of water during light reaction in
Chlorine (Cl) pathogens and maintains ______________ of the stomach. photosynthesis.
 ________ %
of our body
Water Structure A polar molecules consists
of two _____________
atom dan one
in
nt
e se _____________ atom.
Pr

High surface tension and ___________

Medium of __________________ (tent to stick each other)
reactions
-Water can move in long unbroken
-digestive reactions such as columns through the vascular tissue in
breaking down of protein, lipids and plants.
sugars. The ____________ and _______________
importance of -Provides moisture to respiratory
___________________ surfaces (alveoli)
-can dissolve many ionic
water in the -Mucus assist the movement of food
compounds such as salt and
polar molecules (sugar)
cell substances in the intestinal tract.

__________________ Medium
Maintain ___________________
-in the blood, lymphatic,
excretory & digestive system
(transport sugar O2, CO2)

Maintain __________________ ____________________

balance and ______________
-maintain the stable internal
environment within a living
organism.
-support the structure of a cell
(90% of the protoplasm is made
up of water)
 are functions
Nucleic Acids

Complex
macromolecules 2 types

i ts
which store _______

un
_________________

sic
in the form of code.

Ba

structure structure
____________ - stranded
A __________-stranded nucleic
nucleic acid.
acid, with the two strands of
Draw the structure polynucleotides twisted around Found in the cytoplasm,
each other to form a ribosomes and nucleus.
_________________________
Found in nucleus of a cell.

function function
Genetic material that _________________________
organisms ____________ from carries DNAs genetic code into
their parents. the cytoplasm and directs the
synthesis of proteins.
Store information regarding its
own replication and the order in
which amino acids are linked to
make a protein.
 Elements Protei Main
function
n
monomer St
ru
ctu
re

2 types
2X
Linear sequence of amino acids
in a polypeptide chain

Equation
Amino acids that cannot Amino acids that
be synthesised by the can be synthesised Polypeptide chain that is coiled
body. by the body. to form alpha-helix or folded into
Can only be obtained beta-pleated.
from a healthy diet.

The helix chains or beta-pleated

Animal protein Plant protein sheets are folded into a 3D
shape of polypeptide chain.
Hormones, enzymes, plasma
Long chain protein, antibodies
(contain all the essential (do not contain all the
amino acids) essential amino acids)
Two or more tertiary structure
polypeptide chains are arranged
to form a large and complex
2 classes protein molecule.
 Elements Carbohydrat Main function
es
3 types

characteristics characteristics characteristics

Simple sugar Hundreds or thousands of
_______________ sugar / monosaccharides linked through
C6H12O6
complex sugars. _________________ to form a long
combine with Consists of 2 _____________ chain of molecules.
proteins and lipids to joined together through ___________________ in water
form ________ & condensation Do not taste sweet.
______ respectively Do not crystallise.

3 types Equation 3 types 3 types

Sucrose

Genaral Equation
 Elements
Lipid Main
function

s
5 main types

Fats Oils
structure
Long chain
_________ at ___________ at
room temperature room temperature molecules / water Main component of
proof. plasma membrane
plant

Equation Found on the

____________ of the
epidermis of leaves, Major component in plasma
fruits and seeds of membrane.
some plants.

animal
Male sex hormone.
____________ that is
Fatty acids excreted from oil
glands in the skin
contains wax that
soften the skin. Female sex hormones.
The Differences between saturated fats and
unsaturated fats

Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats

The presence of
double bonds
between carbon
atoms in fatty acids

Ability to react with an

additional hydrogen
atom

Condition at room
temperature

Cholesterol level

Examples
Answers
 Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down
Element into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Compound Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Examples
Carbohydrates, proteins,
Organic compounds Contain carbon lipids, nucleic acids

Inorganic compounds Not contain carbon Water

Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells

Elements Animal cells Plant cells
Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids
C, H, O, N and nucleic acids and nucleic acids.

S Component of some proteins Component of some proteins.

Formation of bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles / Induces the formation of flowers and seeds. / Promotes cell
P synthesis ATP division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.

Regulates osmotic pressure in the cells. / Helps in the

Na transmission of nerve impulses.
Not Required

Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a cofactor for some Required for the synthesis of chlorophyll. / Activates enzymes
Mg enzyme. in the cells.

Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. / Synthesis of cell walls (Cellulose). / Maintain the semi-
Ca Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting. permeability of plasma membrane.

Synthesis of chlorophyll. / Act as an electron carrier during

Fe Synthesis of red blood cells / Respiratory enzymes.
photosynthesis and respiration.

Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve

K impulses.
Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes.

Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys

Cl pathogens and maintains pH of the stomach.
Photolysis of water during light reaction in photosynthesis.
 70-90% of our
A polar molecules
body Structure
Water consists of 2
in hidrogen atom & 1
nt
e se oxygen atom
Cell, lymph, blood plasma Pr
and interstitial fluid.

High surface tension and cohesion

(tent to stick each other)
Medium of biochemical reactions
-Water can move in long unbroken
-digestive reactions such as
columns through the vascular
breaking down of protein, lipids
tissue in plants.
and sugars.
The Moisture and lubrication
importance of -Provides moisture to respiratory
Solvent surfaces (alveoli)
-can dissolve many ionic
water in the -Mucus assist the movement of
compounds such as salt and
polar molecules (sugar)
cell food substances in the intestinal
tract.

Transport Medium
Maintain body temperature
-in the blood, lymphatic,
excretory & digestive system
(transport sugar O2, CO2)

Maintain osmotic balance and Support

turgidity
-support the structure of a cell
-maintain the stable internal (90% of the protoplasm is made
environment within a living up of water)
organism.
 are functions
Nucleic Acids Transmission of
genetic
information.
Store genetic
information
Complex
macromolecules which 2 types

i ts
store genetic

un
information in the form

sic
of code.

Ba RNA
DNA
nucleotides structure structure
Single-stranded nucleic acid.
A double-stranded nucleic acid,
structure with the two strands of Found in the cytoplasm,
polynucleotides twisted around ribosomes and its nucleus.
each other to form a double
helix.
Found in nucleus of a cell.

function function
Genetic material that Messenger RNA carries DNAs
organisms inherit from their genetic code into the cytoplasm
parents. and directs the synthesis of
proteins.
Store information regarding its
own replication and the order in
which amino acids are linked to
make a protein.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
Elements Main Build new cells for growth
nitrogen. Most proteins also
contain sulphur and Protein function and renew damaged tissues
phosphorus.
and store energy.

St
ru
ctu
re
Amino acids
2 types
2X

Linear sequence of amino acids

dipeptide Essential amino Non-essential in a polypeptide chain
acids (20) amino acids (11)
equation
Amino acids that Amino acids that can
cannot be be synthesised by Polypeptide chain that is coiled
synthesised by the the body.
body. to form alpha-helix or folded into
beta-pleated.
Can only be obtained
from a healthy diet.

The helix chains or beta-pleated

Animal protein Plant protein sheets are folded into a 3D
shape of polypeptide chain.
Hormones, enzymes, plasma
Long chain First class protein Second class protein protein, antibodies
(contain all the essential (do not contain all the
amino acids) essential amino acids)
Two or more tertiary structure
polypeptide polypeptide chains are arranged
to form a large and complex
2 classes protein molecule.
Carbon, hydrogen Elements
Carbohydrates Main
and oxygen. function
Ratio of H and O is
2:1
3 types

characteristics characteristics characteristics

Simple sugar Double sugar / complex Hundreds or thousands of
C6H12O6 sugars. monosaccharides linked through
condensation to form a long chain
combine with Consists of 2
of molecules.
proteins and lipids to monosaccharides joined Insoluble in water
form ________ & together through Do not taste sweet.
______ respectively condensation Do not crystallise.

3 types Equation 3 types 3 types

Sucrose
Glucose (grape sugar)
Fructose (in fruits / honey)
Galactose (in milk)

formula
 Main Source of energy
Lipids
Carbon, hydrogen and Elements
function and energy
oxygen.
storage.

5 main types

Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

structure
Long chain
Solid at room liquid at room
temperature temperature molecules / water Main component of
proof. plasma membrane
plant

Found on the cuticles

Equation Cholesterol
of the epidermis of
leaves, fruits and Major component in plasma
seeds of some plants. membrane.

animal Testosterone

Male sex hormone.

Sebum that is
Fatty acids excreted from oil
glands in the skin
contains wax that Oestrogen, progesteron
soften the skin. Female sex hormones.
 The Differences between saturated fats and
unsaturated fats

Saturated Fats Differences Unsaturated Fats

Do not have any double bonds. Have at least one double bond
between the carbon atoms.
The presence of
double bonds
between carbon
atoms in fatty acids

Cannot form any chemical bonds with Able to react with additional
other atoms or react with additional Ability to react with hydrogen atoms. (with one double
hydrogen atoms. an additional bond are called monounsaturated
hydrogen atom fats)

Solid Condition at room Liquid

temperature

Contain more cholesterol. Cholesterol level Contain less cholesterol

Animal fats like butter Vegetable oils like corn oil and palm
Examples oil.